188 P A L P A L Book 111. Road.s ; bridges; piazze; piazze of Greeks and Romans ; ancient basilica; modern basilica at Vicenza; baths and xysti of the Greeks. Book IV. Temples of ancient Rome; Bramante s "Tempietto" (S. Pietro in Montorio); Roman temples in Italy, outside Rome; Roman temples (such as those at Nimcs) outside Italy. Sec Montanari, Vila <1i Andrea Palladia, 1749; Rigato, Osservazioni sopra Ait /rfa I aHailio, 1811; M:uiini, Meniorie intorno la vita di Andrea Palladia, 1845; Mihzia, Memorie </<//! Architetti, 1781, ii. pp. 35-54; Symonds, lltmaissance in Jtuly Fine Artt, pp. 94-JW. PALLADIUM, an archaic wooden image (^oWov) of Pallas, preserved in the citadel of Troy as a pledge of the safety of the city. It represented the goddess, standing in the stiff archaic style, holding the spear in her right hand. According to one story, Zeus had thrown it down from heaven when Ilus was founding the city of Ilium. Odysseus and Diomedes carried it off from the temple of Pallas, and thus made the capture of Troy possible. Many different cities boasted that this ancient image had passed into their possession Athens, Argos, Rome, Lavinium, Arc. It is probable that the Palladium is an image of the warlike goddess Pallas, who must in origin be distinguished from Athena. The theft of the Palladium is a frequent subject in Greek art, especially of the earlier time. PALLADIUS, RUTILIUS TAURUS ^SMILIANUS, a writer of the 4th century after Christ, author of a poem on agriculture (De Re Rustica) in fourteen books. It is not certain whether he can be identified with any known historical person of the time. His work consists of an introductory book of general directions on agriculture, twelve books describing the operations suitable for the twelve months of the year, and a final book on the cultivation of trees. The material is derived from Columella and other earlier writers. The work was popular in the Middle Ages ; it is conveniently arranged, but far inferior in every other respect to that of Columella. PAL LAHARA, a tributary state of ORISSA (q.v.). PALLAS. See ATHEXA, vol. ii. 830. PALLAS, PETER SIMON (1741-1811), naturalist and traveller, was born in Berlin, September 22, 1741, the son of Simon Pallas, surgeon in the Prussian army, and pro fessor of surgery in Berlin. Pallas was carefully educated by his father, being accustomed from boyhood to the use of several languages, among them English and French. He was intended for the medical profession, and his progress was such that in 1758 he lectured publicly on anatomy. Pallas studied at the universities of Berlin, Halle, Gottingen, and Leyden. He early displayed a strong leaning towards natural history investigations, which by the time he reached manhood almost monopolized his attention. In 1761 he came to England, where he spent a year, devoting himself to a thorough study of the collections he found there, and to a geological investiga tion of part of the English coast ; and at the age of twenty-three he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society. Pallas spent some time in Holland, where he found ample scope for investigation in his special subjects, the results of which appeared at the Hague in 1766 in his Elenchut Zoophytorum and Miscellanea Zoologica, and in 1767-1804 in his well-known ftpicileyia Zooloyica (Berlin). In 1768 he gladly accepted the invitation of the empress Catherine to fill the professorship of natural history in the Imperial Academy of Science, St Petersburg, and from that time until within a year of his death his home was in Russia. The great event of his life, and that by which he will be permanently remembered, was the expedition through Russia and Siberia in 1768-74, in which he acted as naturalist, in company with Falk, Lepechen, and Giildenstadt, the immediate object being the observation of the transit of Venus in 1769. In this leisurely journey Pallas went by Kasan to the Caspian, spent some time among the Calmucks, crossed the Urals to Tobolsk, visited the Altai Mountains, traced the Irtish to Kolyvan, went on to Tomsk and the Yenissei, crossed Lake Baikal, and extended his journey to the frontiers of China, Few explorations have been so fruitful as this six years journey. Pallas s collections included all depart ments of natural history, and his observations extended to every point of interest in the region traversed and its inhabitants. The leading results were given in his Jt risen durch verschiedene Provinzen des Rilsvischen Reichs (3 vols. 4to, St Petersburg, 1771-76), richly illustrated with coloured plates. A French translation in 1788-93, in 8 vols., with 9 vols. of plates, contained, in addition to the narrative, the natural history results of the expedition ; and an English translation in three volumes appeared in 1812. As special results of this great journey may be mentioned Sammlungen historischer Nachrichten iiber die Monyolischen ViJlkerschaften (2 vols. 4to, St Petersburg, 1776-1802); Novx S])ecies Quadrupedwn, 1778-79 ; Pallas s con tributions to the dictionary of languages of the Russian empire, 1786-89; Icones Insectorum, prsesertim Rossix Siberieeyue pecuHarium, 1781-1806; Zooyraphia Rosso- Asiatica (3 vols., 1831) ; besides many special papers in the Transactions of the academies of St Petersburg and Berlin. The empress bought Pallas s natural history collec tions for 20,000 roubles, 5000 more than he asked for them, and allowed him to keep them for life. He spent a considerable time in 1793-94 in visiting the southern pro vinces of Russia, and was so greatly taken with the Crimea that he determined to take up his residence there. The empress gave him a large estate at Simpheropol, and 10,000 roubles to assist in equipping a house. Though dis appointed with the Crimea as a place of residence, Pallas continued to live there, devoted to constant research, especially in botany, till the death of his second wife in 1810, when he removed to Berlin, where he died September 8, 1811. The results of his journey in southern Russia were given in his Bcmerkungen auf einer Reise durch die siid- lichen Statthalterschaften des Riissischen Reichs (Leipsic, 1799-1801 ; English translation by Blagdon, vols. 5-8 of Modern Discoveries, 1802, and another in 2 vols., 1812). Pallas also edited and contributed to Neue Xordische Beilrdge zur pliysikalisclien Erd- imd Viilkerbeschrcibuny, Naturgeschichte, und Oekonomie (1781-96), published Illus- trationes Plantarum imperfecte vel nondwn cognitarum (Leipsic, 1803), and contributed to Buff on s Xatural History a paper on the formation of mountains, and to the Transactions of various learned societies a great number of special papers. The solid value and great extent of Pallas s contributions to natural science have been long admitted; his name is inseparably associated with the geography (in its varied branches) of Siberia and a large part of European Russia. That lie bad a marked influence on the progress of zoology there is no doubt ; some authorities even hold that he changed tbc face of the science ; while his geological investigations and speculations, if they did not revolutionize the young science (as has been maintained), greatly helped its progress. Though not in any sense brilliant either as an investigator or as a writer, Pallas is certainly one of the most important figures in the science of the latter half of the 18th century. See the Essay, of Rudolph! In the Trati.tartiotis of the Hcrlin Academy for 1812; Cuvier s Kloge in his Recueil ties Etoyes Ilis/oriquex, vol. ii. ; iind the Life in Jardine s Naturalists Library, vol. iv., Edin., 1843. PALLA VICING, FERRANTE (1618-1644), a writer of pasquinades, who is now known chiefly for his early and tragical end, was a member of the old and widely ramified Italian family of the Pallavicini, and was born at Piacenza in 1618. He received a good education at Padua and elsewhere, and early in life entered the Augustinian order, residing chiefly in Venice. For a year he accompanied Ottavio Piccolomini, duke of Amalfi, in his German campaigns as field chaplain, and shortly after his return
