PHRENOLOGY 845 of his low companions whom he had beforehand stimulated by alcohol. It was verified by comparing this region with the same part of the head of a quarrelsome young lady. (6) Destructiveness (Instinct carnassier), above the ear meatus. This is the widest part of the skulls of carnivorous animals, and was found large in the head of a student so fond of torturing animals that he became a surgeon, also large in the head of an apothecary who became an executioner. (6.) Alimentiveness, over the temporal muscle and above the ear. Hoppe describes it as being large in a gourmand acquaintance, and he therefore supposes it to be the organ of selecting food. (7) Secretiveness (Ruse, Finesse), the posterior part of the squam- ous suture. (8) Acquisitiveness (Sentiment de la propriete), on the upper edge of the front half of the squamous suture. This part of the head Gall noticed to be prominent in the pickpockets of his acquaintance. (9) Constructiveness (Sens de mechanique), on the stephanion ; detected by its prominence on the heads of persons of mechanical genius. It was found large on the head of a milliner of uncommon taste and on a skull reputed to be that of Raphael. The organ of Vitativeness, or love of life, is supposed by Combe to be seated at the base of the skull. To this locality Herophilus referred most of the intellectual powers. Lower Sentiments. (10) Self-esteem (Orgucil, Fierte), at and immediately over the obelion ; found by Gall in a beggar who excused his poverty on account of his pride. This was confirmed by the observation that proud persons held their heads backwards in the line of the organ. (11) Love of Approbation (Vanite), outside the obelion; the region in which Gall saw a protuberance on the head of a lunatic who fancied herself queen of France. (12) Cautiousness (Circonspectiori), on the parietal eminence ; placed here because an ecclesiastic of hesitating disposition and a vacillating councillor of state had both large parietal eminences. Superior Sentiments. (13) Benevolence (Bonte), on the middle of the frontal bone in front of the coronal suture ; here Gall noticed a rising on the head of the highly-commended servant of a friend, as well as on a bene volent schoolmate who nursed his brothers and sisters when they were ill. To this spot Xenocrates referred the intellectual powers. (14) Veneration (Sentiment religicux), median at the bregma. Call noted when visiting churches that those who prayed with the greatest fervour were prominent in this region, and it was also pro minent in a pious brother. (15) Conscientiousness, unknown to Gall ; recognized by Spurz- heim usually from its deficiency, and placed between the last arid the parietal eminence. (16) Firmness (Fermete), median, on the sagittal suture from behind the bregma to the front of the obelion. Lavater first pointed out that persons of determination, had lofty heads. (17) Hope, not regarded as primary by Gall, who believed hope to be akin to desire and a function of every faculty which desires, and left this territory unallocated. (18) Wonder, said to be large in vision-seers and many psychic researchers. A second similar organ placed between this and the next is called Mysterizingness by Forster, and is said to preside over belief in ghosts and the supernatural. (19) ideality (Poesie), noted by Gall from its prominence in the busts of poets ; said to be the part touched by the hand when com posing poetry. (20) Wit (Esprit caustique), the frontal eminence, the organ of the sense of the ludicrous, prominent in Rabelais and Swift. (21) Imitation (Faculte d imiter), disposition to mimicry, placed between Benevolence and Wonder. Perceptive Faculties. (22) Individuality, over the frontal sinus in the middle line ; the capacity of recognizing external objects and forming ideas therefrom ; said to have been large in Michelangelo, and small in the Scots. (23) Form (Memoire des personncs], capacity of recognizing faces ; gives a wide interval between the eyes ; found by Gall in a squinting girl with a good memory for faces. (24) Size, over the trochlea at the orbital edge ; described by Spurzheim and Vimont as the capacity of estimating space and distance. (25) Weight, outside the last on the orbital edge and, like it, over the frontal sinus. The prominence of ridge here is due to large sinus or a projecting bone. Certain old writers, such as Strato Physicus, located the whole intellect in this ridge. (26) Colour, also on the orbital edge external to the last. (27) Locality (Sens de localite), placed above Individuality on each side, and corresponding to the upper part of the frontal sinus and to the region immediately above it. (28) Number, on the external angular process of the frontal bone, large in a calculating boy in Vienna. (29) Order, internal to the last, first noted by Spurzheim in an orderly idiot. (30) Eventuality (Memoire des cJioscs), the median projection above the glabella, supposed to be the seat of the memory of events. (31) Time, below the frontal eminence and a little in front of the temporal crest. (32) Tune (Sens des rapports des tons], on the foremost part of the temporal muscle, where Gall noticed a bulge on the head of a musical prodigy of five. (33) Language (Sens des mots], behind the eye. This was the first organ noticed by Gall, as a clever schoolfellow, quick at lan guages, had prominent eyes. Old authors have noted the con nexion between prominent eyeballs and mental development ; thus Gazzali and Syenensis Medicus Cyprius place the intellect and soul in and behind the eyeballs. Reflective Faculties. (34) Comparison (Sagacite comparative], median, at the top of the bare region of the forehead, where a savant friend of Gall s, fond of analogies, had a prominent boss. (35) Causality (Esprit metaphysique), the eminence on each side of Comparison, noticed on the head of Fichte and on a bust of Kant ; the seat of the faculty of correlating causes and effects. The first identification of each organ was made by an induction from very limited data, but the founders and exponents of the system have collected all available instances wherein enlargements of each of these regions coexisted with increased powers of the faculty supposed to reside therein, and in some cases they have discovered coincidences of a surprising nature. When, however, such do not exist, a convenient excuse is found by reference to the indefinite article of temperament, or by a supposed explanation of the faculty in question as not simple but produced by the co-operation of other influences. Thus, as Sheridan s bump of wit was small, he is said not to have been truly witty, but to have had comparison and memory strongly developed. The girl Labrosse (described in Ferussac s Bulletin for October 1831), who exhibited strong amative- ness but had a rudimentary cerebellum, is said to have obliterated it by over-use. Thurtell, a cold-blooded murderer whose organ of benevolence was large, is said to have been generous, as he once gave half a guinea to a friend, &c. The method whereby the sizes of organs are estimated is arbitrary and the boundaries of the regions indefinite. The attempts of Nicol, Straton, and AVight to devise mechanical and accurate modes of measurement have not been very successful and have not found favour with the professional phrenologist.
