112 P I P P I P industry is at Kuhla in Thuringia, and in connexion with an otlicial inquiry into the German tobacco trade in 1879 the average production of pipes and pipe adjuncts in that district for several years was ascertained. Of pipe bowls there were made yearly 540,000 genuine meerschaums; 5,400,000 artificial meerschaums; 4,800,000 wooden heads; 9,600,000 common porcelain bowls (the favourite of the German peasant) ; and 2,700,000 tine clay or lava bowls. Further the trade included 15,000,000 pipe steins or tubes of various materials; 19,200,000 adjuncts, such as flexible tabes, chains, tops, &c. ; 144,000 pipe cases; 9,600,000 mouth-pieces and cigar-holders of amber, horn, meerschaum, wood, &c. ; and finally 15,000,000 complete pipes of various materials. The whole annual value of the industry is estimated at 1,000,000 sterling. The favourite wooden pipe generally known as a briar-wood or briar-root pipe is really made from the roots of the tree heath, Erica nrborca (French, bnnj&rc), principally obtained on the hills of the Marernma and taken thence to Leghorn. There the roots are shaped into blocks each suitable for a pipe, the cutting of the wood so as to avoid waste requiring considerable skill. These blocks are simmered in a vat for twelve hours, which gives them the much appreciated yellowish-brown hue of a good "briar-root." So pre pared the blocks are exported for boring and finishing to St Claude (Jura) in France and to Nuremberg, the two rival centres of the wooden pipe trade. ( J. PA. ) PIPE-FISHES, small marine fishes, which with the Sea horses form a distinct family, Syngnathidse, of the order of Lophobranchiate Fishes (see ICHTHYOLOGY, vol. xii. p. 694). The name is derived from the peculiar form of their FIG. 1. Syngnathus acus, male, with sub-caudal pouch. snout, which is produced into a more or less long tube, ending in a narrow and small mouth which opens upwards and is toothless. The body and tail are long and thin, snake-like, encased in hard integuments which are divided into regu larly arranged segments. This dermal skeleton shows several longitudinal ridges, so that a vertical section through the body represents an angular figure, not round or oval as in the majority of other fishes. A dorsal fin is always present, and the principal (in some species, the only) organ of locomotion. The ventral fins are as constantly absent, and the other fins may or may not be developed. The gill-open ings are extremely small, and placed near the upper posterior angle of the gill-cover. Pipe-fishes are abundant on such coasts of the tropical and temperate zones as offer by their vegetation shelter to these de fenceless creatures. They are very ba< swimmers, slowly moving through the water by means of the rapid undulatory movement of the dorsal fin. Their tail, even when provided with a caudal fin, is of no use in swimming, and not prehensile as in sea-horses. Specimens, therefore, are not rarely found at a great distance from land, having been resistlessly carried by currents into the open ocean ; one 2. Sub caudal ready to leave the pouch. One side of the membrane of the species, Syngnathw pelagictis. has an extra- "I" 1 1 is , p usllel1 1 .. .. * J . . 1.1 aside to admit of a ordinarily wide range over the tropical view of its interior, seas, and is one of the common fishes in- ( Natural S1/e -) habiting the vegetation of the Sargasso Sea. Fti pipe fishes the male is provided with a pouch in some species on the abdomen, in others on the lower side of the tail in which the ova are lodged during their development. This marsupial pouch is formed by a fold of the skin developed from each side of the trunk or tail, the free margins of the fold being firmly united in the median line throughout the period during which the eggs are being hatched. When the young are hatched the folds separate, leaving a wide slit, by which the young gradually escape when quite able to take care of themselves. Nearly a hundred different species of pipe-fishes are known, of which Siphonostoma typhle, Syngnathus acus (the Great Pipe-fish, up to 18 inches in length), Nerophis xquorem (Ocean Pipe-fish), Nerophis ophidian (Straightnosed Pipe fish), and Nerophis hunbriciformis (Little Pipe-fish) are British species. The last three are destitute of a caudal fin. PIPIT, French Pipit, cognate with the Latin Pipio (see PIGEON, supra p. 84), the name applied by ornithologists to a group of birds having a great resemblance both in habits and appearance to the LARKS (vol. xiv. p. 317), with which they were formerly confounded by systematists as they are at the present day in popular speech, but differing from them in several important characters, and, having been first separated to form the genus Antlnis, which has since been much broken up, are now generally associated with the WAGTAILS ( /.? .) in the Family Mata- cillidae. 1 Pipits, of which over fifty species have been de scribed, occur in almost all parts of the world, but in North America are represented by only two species Xworys sprayuii, the Prairie-Lark of the north-western plains, and AntJms ludovicianus, the American Titlark, which last is very nearly allied to the so-called Water-Pipit of Europe, A. spipoletta. To most English readers the best known species of Pipit is the Titlark or Meadow-Pipit, A.j>ratensis, a bird too common to need description, and abundant on pastures, moors, and uncultivated districts generally ; but in some localities the Tree-Pipit, A. trivially or A. arboreus of some authors, takes its place, and where it does so it usually attracts attention by its loud song, which is not unlike that of a Canary-bird, but delivered (as appears to be the habit of all the Pipits) on the wing and during a short circuitous flight. Another species, the Rock-Lark, A. obsciirus, scarcely ever leaves the sea-coast and is found almost all round the British Islands. The South-African genus Macronyx, remarkable for the extreme length of its hind claw, is generally placed among the Pi] tits, but differs from all the rest in its brighter coloration, which has a curious resemblance to the American genus Stiirndln (see ICTERUS, vol. xii. p. 697), though the bird is certainly not allied thereto. (A. N.) PIPPI, GIULIO (c. 1492-1546), the head of the Roman school of painting in succession to Raphael. This prolific- painter, modeller, architect, and engineer is currently named GIULIO (or JULIO) ROMANO, from the place of his birth Rome, in the Macello de Corbi. His name in full was Giulio di Pietro di Filippo de Giannuzzi, Giannuzzi being the true family name, and Pippi (which has prac tically superseded Giannuzzi) being an abbreviation from the name of his grandfather Filippo. The date of Giulio s birth is a little uncertain. Vasari (who knew him personally) speaks of him as fifty-four years old at the date of his death, 1st November 1546; thus he would have been born in 1492. Other accounts assign 1498 as the date of birth. This would make Giulio young indeed in the early and in .such case most precocious stages of his artistic career, and would show him as dying, after an infinity of hard work, at the comparatively early age of forty-eight. Giulio must at all events have been quite youthful 1 Pipits can always lie distinguished from Larks by having tlie hind
part of the "tarsus" undivided, whilo the J.ark.s have it scutellated.