p I T P I U 151 tons of finished iron ; and 91 other establishments, turning out a large variety of other manufactures of iron, from boilers to safes and steam pumps. The steel industry comprises 20 large mills with an output for 1883 of 405,530 tons. The blast furnaces and rolling-mills of Pittsburgh employ a capital of $23,910,000 and 21,190 workmen, the steel industry $10,170,000 and 7060 work men. Next in importance is the glass manufacture, in which 75 establishments are engaged, 24 making table ware, 24 window glass, 10 green glass bottles, and 9 lamp chimneys. The capital invested in them is $5,985,000. They employ 6442 hands, and the value of their last reported annual production is $6,832,683. The coal and coke industry of the district, which is controlled mainly by Pittsburgh, comprises a capital of $26,406,500, employs 23,621 miners and other labourers, and makes an annual output of 7,720,000 tons of coal and 2,760,000 tons of coke, valued at $16,600,000. The total of all the manufacturing industries of the city is 1380 establishments, with $105,401,481 of capital, employing 85,936 workmen of all kinds, and producing to the value of $149,721,619. The wholesale trade of the city is much less important than its manufacturing industries, and with a few exceptions is confined to the immediate vicinity. It includes 90 firms with an aggregate capital of $11,206,000 and total sales of $125,390,472. Within the last year a new and unique industry has been developed. By drilling in the earth to a depth of 1200 to 2000 feet, what is practically the fire-damp of the coal mine is tapped in such quantity that it comes to the surface in great force. It has been found to be useful as a fuel for all the purposes of coal except the smelting of ores in blast furnaces; and, as it is cheaper both for making steam and for the heating of the iron and glass furnaces, its adoption has been general among the manufacturers. As the railway system has developed, the important boating interest of Pittsburgh has become confined to the transportation of coal from the Monongahela river mines to the down-river cities. The coal is only taken out when freshets have raised the river, and at that time fleets of steamers, each towing from eight to fifteen barges, covering acres in extent and carrying thousands of tons of coal, start down stream. The total steam tonnage of Pittsburgh is 36,845 tons with 163 vessels, but the addition of the barges brings the tonnage up to 1,359,972 and the number of vessels to 3208. Pittsburgh is stated to be the origin of more railway freight than any other point in the country. There are a large number of lines, under the control of three great companies. The most important is the Pennsylvania Railroad, whose trunk lines pass through the city, and number amoung their feeders the West Pennsylvania ; the Allegheny Valley ; the Pittsburgh, Virginia, and Charleston ; the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and St Louis ; the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago ; and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroads. The Pittsburgh division of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad gives a connexion with that trunk line, and by the Pittsburgh and Western, and the Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Toledo, reaches the Chicago branch of the same system to the west. The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie affords the New York Central and the New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio lines an access to Pittsburgh, while its extension under the name of the Pittsburgh, MacKeesport, and Youghiogheny penetrates the coal and coke district to the south east. In 1796, by the first accurate census on record, the population of Pittsburgh was 1395. By 1810 it had increased to 4968 ; by 1820 to 7248 ; by 1830 to 12,452 ; by 1840 to 21,115 ; by 1850 to 36,601 ; by 1860 to 49,221 ; by 1870 to 86,076. In 1874 the con solidation of outlying boroughs made the population, according to the census of 1870, 121,799 ; and in 1880 this had increased to 156,389. These figures do not comprise the population of Alle gheny, which was 28,702 in 1860, 53,180 in 1870, and 78,682 in 1880. Including the manufacturing and residential suburbs, the total population by the census of 1880 was 274,160 ; and, with the large extension of manufacturing and building that has gone on since then, it was estimated in 1884 at 325,000. The municipal governments of Pittsburgh and Allegheny are each composed of a mayor, controller, and treasurer, with city councils in two branches styled respectively select and common. These are elected by the people, and appoint other administrative officials to take charge of the police and fire departments, assessments, and public works. The total assessed valuation of the city of Pitts burgh for purposes of taxation is $101,508,603, on which a revenue is collected for all purposes of $2,777,405. Allegheny has an assessed valuation of $10,707,858, and spends $650,000 annually. The total indebtedness of Pittsburgh is $14,497,800, of which nearly $10,000,000 was expended for water-works and street pavements. The debt of Allegheny is but $1,400,000. The school system of each city is governed by a central board of education and ward boards, both elected by popular vote. The Pittsburgh system comprises a fine stone high school overlooking the city, and 52 ward schools, in which are 469 teachers and 23,629 scholars, the approximate annual expenditure being $550,000. In the Allegheny system there are the high school and 18 ward schools, with 207 teachers, 9392 scholars, and an annual expenditure of about $200,000. The principal institutions established by public taxation are the Riverside State Peniten tiary, completed in 1884 in the lower part of Allegheny ; the Morganza Reform School ; the workhouse at Clareinont, on the Allegheny river ; and the Pittsburgh, Allegheny, and County poorhouses. The churches and chapels in Pittsburgh and Allegheny number 237 : 57 are Roman Catholic, including 13 monastic and conventual establishments ; 53 represent the various branches of Presbyterian- ism ; 39 are Methodist Episcopal, and 16 Protestant Episcopal. Among the leading examples of church architecture are St Paul s Cathedral (Roman Catholic), Trinity and St Peter s (Protestant Episcopal), the First and Third Presbyterian and the German Lutheran churches in Pittsburgh, and the North Presbyterian in Allegheny. Private charity has established the West Penn. Hospital with a large branch for the treatment of the insane at Dixmont, the Homeopathic Hospital, the Mercy Hospital, the Pittsburgh Infirmary, the Free Dispensary, the North Side Hospi tal, and St Francis Hospital ; and 18 asylums for orphans and the aged and infirm are maintained throughout the two cities. The collegiate institutions comprise the Western University, the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), the United Presby terian Seminary, the Catholic College, the Pennsylvania Female College, and the Pittsburgh Female College. (J. F. H. ) PITTSFIELD, a borough and township of the United States, the shire town of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, lies at a height of from 1000 to 1200 feet above the sea on a plain between the Hoosacs on the east and the Taconics on the west. It is traversed by the headwaters of the Housatonic and Hoosac rivers, and derives its supply of drinking water from Lake Ashley, a romantic loch on the top of the Washington Hills, 7 miles to the south-east. As the northern terminus of the Housatonic Railroad, and a junction on the Boston and Albany and the Pittsfield and North Adams Railroads, it is an important centre of traffic. Most of the dwelling houses are built of wood. Among the public edifices are a court-house, in white marble ; the Berkshire Athenaeum, with a free library and reading-room ; the Roman Catholic church of St Joseph, in marble ; the Methodist church, a spacious edifice of brick ; the First Congregational church (rebuilt in 1853), for thirty years under the charge of Rev. John Todd, author of the Student s Manual ; and the Maplewood Institute for young ladies. The Berkshire Medical Institute (1822) ceased to exist in 1869. There is a small park with a fine soldiers monument (1872) in the heart of the town, as well as a larger park with a race-course in the eastern suburb. Cotton and woollen goods, silk, knit goods, shoes, and tacks are among the local manufactures. The population in 1860 was 8045; in 1870, 11,132; in 1880, 13,364. Pittsfield, which once formed part of the Indian domain of Pontoosuc, and for a time was known as Boston Plantation, was incorporated in 1761, and received its present name in honour of the earl of Chatham. Oliver W. Holmes long resided on a small farm two miles south of Pittsfield. PITTSTON", a borough of the United States, in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, on the east bank of the Susquehanna, just below the confluence of the Lackawanna, 105 miles north by west of Philadelphia. It is the centre of the Wyoming anthracite region and the seat of the Pennsylvania Coal Company s operations, contains knit ting mills, planing mills, terra cotta works, a stove factory, lumber yards, &c., and commands four distinct railway lines. The population was 6760 in 1870 and 7472 in 1880. If West Pittston (a borough on the other side of the Susquehanna, with which Pittston communi cates by two bridges) were included, the total would be 10,016. PIUS I. Hardly anything is known with certainty respecting Pius I., except that he was bishop of Rome from 158 to 167 A.D. He is said to have been born at Aquileia and to have been the son of a certain Rufmus ;
it is added that he suffered martyrdom, but, although