212 P L A P L A beyond possibility, was vitiated by the ground-fallacy of supposing that Plato had from the first a complete system in his mind which he partially and gradually revealed in writing. At a considerably later time Karl Friedrich Hermann, to whom all students of Plato are indebted, renewed the same endeavour on the far more plausible assumption that the dialogues faithfully reflect the growth of Plato s mind. But he also was too sanguine, and exaggerated the possibility of tracing a connexion between the outward events of Plato s life and the progress of his thoughts. This great question of the order of the dialogues, which has been debated by numberless writers, is one which only admits of an approximate solution. Much confusion, however, has been obviated by the hypothesis (first hinted at by Ueberweg, and since supported by the present writer and others) that the Sophistes and Politicus, whose genuineness had been called in question by Socher, are really intermediate between the Republic and the Laws. The allocation of these dialogues, and consequently of the Philebw, not only on grounds of metaphysical criticism, but also on philological and other evidence of a more tangible kind, supplies a point of view from which it becomes possible to trace with confidence the general outlines of Plato s literary and philosophical development. Keflecting at first in various aspects the impressions received from Socrates, he is gradually touched with an inspiration which becomes his own, and which seeks utterance in half-poetical forms. Then first the ethical and by and by the metaphysical interest becomes predominant. And for a while this last is all absorbing, as he confronts the central problems which his own thoughts have raised. But, again, the hard-won acquisitions of this dialectical movement must be fused anew with imagination and applied to life. And in a final effort to use his intellectual wealth for the subvention of human need the great spirit passed away. EDITIONS. Aldine (fol., Ven., 1513); H. Stephanus (Lausanne, 1587). Separate Dialogues. Timxus (Gr. andLat.,Chalcidius, 1579; repr. by Wrobel, Leips., 1876). German and Dutch. Tiedemann (Zweibriicken, 1781-87); Bekker (with v. 11., Berlin, 1816-17-23; London, 1826); Stallbaum (crit. ed., Leips., [1821]1825; text, [1850] 1874; ed. major, Gotha, [1827] 18GO; ed. major, partly re-edited by Wohlrab, [1877] 1882); Baiter-Orelli-Winkelmann (Zurich, [1839] 1881); Engelmann (with Germ, trans, and comm., [1841] 1877); K. F. Hermann (Leips., 1851-53 and 1868- 74); Wohlrab (see Stallbaum, 1877); Martin Schanz (1875-81, not yet completed); L. F. Heindorf (Lys., Charm.., Hipp. Maj., Phxdr., Gorg., Thext., Crat., farm., Euthyd., Phxd., Prot., Soph., 1802-10); F. Ast (Protag., Phxdr., Gorg., Phxd., with comm., 1819-22). Separate Dialogues. Symposium, by F. A. Wolf ([1782] 1828) and Otto Jahn ([1864] 1875); Republic, by Ast (1801) and Schneider ([1830] 1833); Phxdo, by Wyttenbach (1810); Legg. et Epinomis, by Ast (Leips., 1814); Parmenides, by Stallbaum (1839); Philebus, by Stallbaum (1840); Critias, by Schneider (Vratislaw, 1855); Timieus (Chalcidius, 1569; repr. by Wrobel, Leips., 1876) ; and Gorg., by Krohn. English. Timxus (Gr. and Lat., Camb., 1670) ; De rebus dii-inisdialogi delecti(Ca.mb., 1673); Euthyd., Gory, (cum notis), by Routh (Camb., 1784); Protag., by Wayte ([1854] 1871); Philebus. by Badham (Lond., [1855] 1878) and Poste (1860) ; Tliext., by L. Campbell (Oxford, [1861] 1882) and Kennedy (Camb., 1881) ; Phxdo, by Geddes(1863) and Archer Hind (Cumb., 1883); Euthyd., Symp., by Badham (1866); Soph.,Polit., by L. Campbell (1867); Phxdrus, by W. H. Thompson (1868) ; Apol., by W. Wagner (Camb., 186!)), and James Riddell (Oxford, 1877): Gorg., by W. H. Thompson (1871) ; and Farm., by Maguire (Dublin, 1882). French. Hirschig and Schneider (in Didot s liibliotheca Script Gnec., Paris, [1856] 1873). Separate Dialogues. Apologie de Socrates, by II. David (Paris, 1866) ; Phxdo, by Belin (Paris, 1878). Italian. Protag by G Oliva (Florence, 1877). TRANSLATIONS. Latin. Marsilii Ficini cum vita Platonis (Venice, 1517; this is the basis of Latin truncations accompanying later editions, such as that of Bekker, 1816-23, said to have been revised by F. A. Wolf, and that of Hirschig and Schneider; Didot, Paris, [1853] 1878). Single Dialogues. Timxus (Chalcidius, 1579, and Cambridge, 1670) ; Gonjias and Apologia, by Leonardo Aretino. German. 3. F. Kleuker (6 vols., Lemgo, [1778] 1797); Schleiennacher (with introductions, Berlin, [1804] 1810); Engelmann (with text and com mentary, [1841] 1877); J. F. Drescher, Apol., Crit., Phxd., Syrup., Gorg., Protag. (Giessen, [1848] 1854); Hieron. Miiller (with introd. by Steinhardt, [1850] 1873); Georg. Susemihl, Jul. Deutschle, W. S. Teuffel, and W. Wiegand (Stutt gart, [1853] 1876); Prantl and others (Stuttgart, [1854] 1875). English. Floyer Sydenham ([1759] 1776) ; Thomas Taylor (the complete edition, including the nine dialogues translated by Sydenham, Lond., 1804); W. Whcwell (Plat. Dial, for Eng. Readers, Camb., I860, contains portions of original translation); B. Jowctt (with introductions, 4 vols., 1871; 5 vols.^Oxford, 1875; see also Critical Wont*); selections from JowettbyC. A.H. Bulkey (The Wisdom of Plato, New York, 1876). Separate Dialogues. Republic, by Spens (Glasgow, 1763), by Davics and Vaughan ([1852] 1866), and by Jowett (publ. separately, 1881); Symposium, Ion, Menexenut, by Shelley ([1822] 1840); Philcbus,>y Poste (1860) and F. A. Paley (1873>, Gorgias, by Cope (1864); Sophistes, and Meno to 69, by Mackay (1858); Thextetus, by F. A. Paley (1875) ; Phxdo, by Cope (1875); "Euthypliro," "Apology," " Crito," and " Phcedo," by F. J. Church (The Trial and Death of Socrates, London, 1880). French. Andre Dacier, Les (Euvres de Platan en Francois (2 vols., Paris, 1699), and Worts abridged with notes, by M. Dacier (2 vols., 3d ed., London, 1878); Victor Cousin, (Euvres traduites avec argument et notes (13 vols., [1822] 1840); Thurot, Grow, A. Dacier, Translations sous la direction de Einile Saisset (1878), transl. of Crito (see above). Italian. Dardi Bembo, Delle opere di Platone tradotto in lingua vulgare (Venice, 1601) ; Kuggiero Bonghi (vols. i., ii., Milan, 1858); E. Ferrai (Padua, 1873-74). Separate Dialogues. Euthyphr., Apol., Crit., Phxd., Tim., by Seb. Erizzo (Venice, 1574). Swedish. Translation begun (Stockholm, 1870-72). LEXICONS.- Timxus, ed. Ruhnkcn (Leips., [1754] 1833) ; Wagner, Worterbuch der Platonischen Philosophic (Gottingen, 1799) ; Ast, Lexicon Platonicum (Leips., [1835] 1838). SPECIAL STUDIES ON THE LANGUAGE OF PLATO. Braun, De Hyperbola Platonico (Culm, [1846-47] 1847-52); Engelhardt, De periodorum Platonicorum Structura ([1853] 1864); II. Schanz, " Bifurcation der hypothetischen periode nach Platon" (in Fleckeisen s Ntue Jahrbiicher, Leips., 1870); and Riddell, "Digest of the Platonic Idioms," in his edition of the Apology. ON THE MSS. Cornarius, Eclogx (ed. Fischer, Leips., 1771) ; F. J. Bast, Kritischer Versuch iiber den Text des Platon (Leips., 1794); Gaisford, Lectiones Platonicx (Oxford, 1820); Bekker, Commentaria to his ed. (1823); M. Schanz, Novx Commentationes Platonicx (Wiirzburg, 1S71), Studien zur Geschichte des Platonischen Textes (Wurzburg, 1874), and Ueber den Platonischen Codex des Marcus Bibliothek in Venedig (Leips., 1877), &c. LITERARY OK PHILOSOPHICAL CRITICISM ON PLATO. German and Dutch. Morgenstern, Commentaria de Republica (1794); Schleiermachcr, Introduc tions to his translation ([1804] 1810; see also Dobson); Bo ckh, Klcine Schriften (vols. iii., iv., from 1806); J. A. Grimm, De Epistolis Platonis ([comp. Karsten, 1864] 1815) ; F. Ast, Plato s Leben und Schriften (1816) ; Trendelenburg, De Numeris (1826); Van Heusde, Initia Philosophic Platonicx (Utrecht, [1827] 1831; 2d ed., Leyden, 1842); K. F. Hermann, Geschichte v. System der Plat. Philosophic (Heidelberg, 1838), and Disputatio ilereipublicx Platonicx temporibus (Marburg, 1839); Zeller, Philosophic der Griechen (vol. ii., [1839] 1859); Stein hardt, Introduclions[to Hieron. Sliiller s translation (1850); Suckow, Die Wisten- schaftlicfie u. kiinstlerische Form der Platonischen Schriften (Berlin, 1855); Suse- mihl, Die genetische Entwickelung der Plat. Philosophie (Leips., [1855] 1860); E. Albert!, Zur Dialektik des Platon (1856) ; E. Munk, Die natiiiiiche Ordnung der Plat Schriften (Berlin, 1857); Dollinger, in Heidenthum u. Juden/hum (Katisbon, 1857); Michelis, Die Philosophie Platans (1859); Ueberweg, Platans Schriften u. Leben (Vienna, 1861); Stein, Sieben Bilcher zur Geschichte des Platonismus (1862); Ribbing, Genetische Darstellung (Leips., 1863-64); L. Spengel, Isocrates u. Platon (1863); Karsten, Commenlatio Critica de Platonis qux feruntur Epistolis (Utrecht, 1864); Schaarschmidt, Die Sammlmiy der Plat. Schriften (Bonn, 1866); E. Albert!, Zur Dialektik des Socrates (Gottingen, 1869) ; W. S. Teuffel, Ueber- sicht der Plat. Litteratur (Diss. 7-10 [14], 1874); Bonitz, Platonische Studien (2d ed., 1875); A. Krohn, Der Platonische Staat (Halle, 1875), and Sendschreiben an Zeller die Plat. Frag. (1878) ; Teichmiiller, Literariscfte Fehder (Breslau, 1881). English. W. Dobson, translation of Schleiermacher s Introductions (1836); Grote (1865; 3d cd., 1875); Jowett, Introductions to translation ([1875] 1881), see also introd. to Select Passages from Plato (Camb., 1882) ; S. F. Alleyne," Plato and the Older Academy," in translation of Zeller (vol. ii., Lond., 1876); R. L. Nettleship, " The Theory of Education in the Republic of Plato," in Hellenica (ed. by Evelyn Abbott, 1880) ; A. Bonn, in his Greek Philosophers (1882). French. Paul Janet, Etudes sur la Dialectique (Paris, 1860); Martin, Etudes sur le Times (Paris, 1841). (L. C.) PLATON, LEVSHIN (1737-1812), a celebrated Russian archbishop, was born at the village of Tchashnikovo, near Moscow, in 1737, and was educated in the academy of that city. On completing his studies there in 1758 he was appointed teacher of rhetoric in the school connected with the monastery of St Sergius, and about this time entered the priesthood. In 1763 Catherine invited him to instruct her son Paul in theology, and he became one of the court chaplains. Three years afterwards Platon was appointed archimandrite of the monastery of the Trinity (Troitzkaia Lavra) near Moscow; in 1770 he was made archbishop of Tver, and finally in 1787 archbishop of Moscow and metro politan. He died in 1812. Platon was a brilliant and learned man, not only in the opinion of his countrymen, but in the estimation of all foreigners who made his acquaintance. We get a graphic and interesting picture of him at the beginning of the present century in the travels of Edward Clarke of Cambridge, who was much struck with his wit and wide range of reading. As a preacher he enjoyed great celebrity, one of the most remarkable specimens of his eloquence being the sermon preached at the coronation of Alexander I. He was also the author of several works which enjoyed considerable reputation in their time, such as A Short Course of Divinity, compiled for the use of the emperor Paul when grand- duke, several Catechisms, A S/iort History of the Russian Church, which has been translated into English, and other works. Platon is altogether a striking and important figure in a very eventful period of his country s history. PLATTNER, CARL FRIEDRICH (1800-1858), a famous scientific metallurgist, was born in Kleinwaltersdorf, near
Freiberg in Saxony, on the 2d January 1800, and died