410 POL- 1839, when they were compelled to abandon the Union. Flax, linseed, corn, and timber are the leading articles of the commerce of the town. Polotesk or Poltesk is mentioned in 862 as one of the towns given by Rurik to his men, together with Byelo-ozero and Rostoff. In 980 it had a prince of its own, Rogvolod, whose daughter is the subject of many legends. It remained an independent principality until the 12th century, resisting the repeated attacks of the princes of Kieff; those of Pskoff, Lithuania, and the Livonian knights, however, proved more powerful, and it fell under Lithuanian rule in the following century. About 1385 its independence was de stroyed by the Lithuanian prince Witowt. It was five times besieged by Moscow in 1500-18, and was taken by John the Terrible in 1563. Recaptured by Stephen Batory sixteen years later, it became Polish by the treaty of 1582. It was then a populous city, which, enjoying the privileges of " Magdeburg law " from 1498, carried on an active commerce, and covered a large area. Pestilences and conflagrations were its ruin ; the plague of 1566 wrought great havoc among its inhabitants, and that ot 1600 destroyed 15,000. The castles, the town, and its walls were burned in 1607 and 1642. The Russians continued their attacks, burning and plundering the town, and twice taking possession of it for a few years, in 1633 and 1705. It was not definitively annexed, how ever, to Russia until 1772, after the first dismemberment of Poland. In 1812 its inhabitants resisted ihe French invasion, and the town was partially destroyed. POLTAVA, a government of south-western Russia, bounded by Tchernigoff on the N., Kharkoff on the E., Ekaterinoslaff and Kherson on the S., and Kieff on the W., and having an area of 19,265 square miles. Its surface is an undulating plain from 500 to 600 feet above sea-level, with a few elevations reaching 670 feet in the north, and gently sloping to the south-west, where its range is between 300 and 400 feet. Owing to the excavations of the rivers, their banks, especially those on the right, have the aspect of hilly tracts, while low plains stretch to the left. Low-lying districts with some marshes and sandy tracts are met with in the broad valley of the Dnieper, which skirts the province on the south-west. Almost the whole of the surface is covered with Tertiary deposits ; chalk appears in the north-east, at the bottom of deeper ravines. The government touches the granitic region of the Dnieper only in the south, below Krementchug. Lime stone with dolerite veins occurs in the isolated hill of Isatchek, which rises above the marshes of the Sula. The whole is covered with a layer, 20 to 60 feet thick, of boulder clay, which, again, is often covered with a thick sheet of loess. Sandstone (sometimes suitable for grind stones) and limestone are quarried, and a few layers of gypsum and peat bog are also known within the govern ment. The soil is on the whole very fertile, with the exception of some sandy tracts. Poltava is watered by the numerous tributaries of the Dnieper, which flows along its border, navigable throughout. Deep sand beds inter sected with numberless ravines and old arms of the river stretch along the left bank, where accordingly the settle ments are but few. It is joined by the Sula, the Psiol, the Vorskla, the Orel, the Trubezh, and several other tributaries, none of them navigable, although their courses vary from 150 to 270 miles in length. Even those which used to be navigated within the historical period, such as Trubezh and Supoy, are now drying up, while the others are being partially transformed into marshes. Only 5 per cent, of the total area is under wood ; timber, wooden wares, and pitch are imported. The population in 1881 reached 2,418,870, of whom 217,800 lived in towns. The great majority are Little Russians, there being only 20,000 Great Russians, less than 1000 White Russians, acme 2000 Poles, and 1500 Germans. In 1865 the Jews were estimated at 40,000. Agriculture is the chief pursuit, there being 7,451,000 acres (60 per cent, of the total area) of arable land, and the average yield of the years 1870-77 being 6,302,000 quarters of corn and 703,200 quarters of potatoes. The crops chiefly grown are wheat, rye, and oats; the sunflower is largely cultivated, especially for oil, and the culture of tobacco, always important has recently made a very great advance, now yielding about -POL 200,000 cwts. Kitchen gardening, the culture of the plum, and the preparation of preserved fruits are also important branches of industry. At Lubory, where an apothecaries garden is maintained by the crown, the collection and cultivation of medicinal plants is also a specialty. The main source of wealth in Poltava always has been, and still is, its cattle-breeding. In 1881 there were 209,000 horses, 882,000 cattle, 1,820,000 sheep (only 520,000 of these, as against 878,000 in 1862, being of finer breeds), 405,000 pigs, and 7000 goats. Black and grey sheepskins are largely exported, as also is wool. Some of the wealthier landowners and many peasants now rear finer breeds of horses. The aggregate value of the manufactures in 1879 w.as 1,112,100, employing in their production 3755 hands; distilleries hold the leading place (717,500), after which come flour mills (136,600), tobacco works (79,700), machine-making (35,700), tanneries (27,700), saw-mills (20,000), and sugar-works (10,900). Wool is exported in a raw state, and the woollen manufactures amounted only to 5750. In the villages and towns several domestic trades are carried on, such as the preparation of sheepskins, plain woollen cloth, leather, boots, and pottery. The fair of Poltava is of great importance for the whole woollen trade of Russia; leather, cattle, horses, coarse woollen cloth, skins, and various domestic wares are also exchanged for manufactures imported from Great Russia. The value of merchandise brought to the fair reaches and sometimes exceeds 25,000,000 roubles. Several other fairs, the aggregate returns for which reach more than one-half of the above, are held at Romny (tobacco), Krementchug (timber, corn, tallow r , and salt), and Kobelyaki (sheepskins). Corn is exported to a considerable extent to the west and to Odessa, as also saltpetre, spirits of wine, wool, tallow, skins, and plain woollen cloth. The navigation on the Dnieper is interfered with by want of water, and becomes active only in the south. The chief traffic is by railway. The government is divided into fifteen districts, the chief towns of which are Poltava (41,050 inhabitants), Gadyatch (9250), Khorol (5175), Kobelyaki (13,150), Konstantinograd (4320), Krementchug (46,620 with Krukoff), Lokhvitsa (9320), Lubnj (9820), Mirgorod (7750), Pereyaslaff (13,350), Piryatin (5400), Priluki (13,100), Roinny (12,310), Zolotonosha (7180), and Zyen- kolf (8360). Glinsk (3250) and Gradijsk (7850) have also muni cipal institutions, while several villages and towns (Sorotchintsy, Borispol, Smyeloye, Grun, Ryeshetilovka, &c.) have from 6500 to 8000 inhabitants. History. At the dawn of Russian history the region now occupied by Poltava was inhabited by the Syeveryanes. As early as 988 the Russians erected several towns on the Sula and Trubezh for their protection against the Petchenegs and Polovtsy, who held the south-eastern steppes. Population extended, and the towns Pereyaslaff, Lubny, Lukomy, Priluki, Piryatin, Romny, &c. , begin to be mentioned in the llth and 12th centuries. The Mongol invasion destroyed most of them, and for two centuries afterwards they totally disappear from Russian annals. About 1331 Gedimin annexed the so-called " Syeversk towns " to Lithuania, and on the recognition of the union of Lithuania with Poland they were included in the united kingdom along with the remainder of Little Russia. In 1476 a separate principality of Kieff under Polish rule and Polish institutions was formed out of Little Russia, and remained so until the rising of Bogdan Khmyelnitzkii in 1654. By the Andrusoff treaty, the left bank of the Dnieper being ceded to Russia, Poltava became part of the dominions of the Zapprogiau hetman, and was divided into "regiments," six of which (Poltava, Pereyaslaff, Priluki, Gadyatch, Lubny, and Mirgorod) lay within the limits of the present government. They lost their independence in 1764, and serfdom was introduced in 1783, the Poltava region becoming part of the governments of Kieff and Ekaterinoslatf. The present government was instituted in 1802. POLTAVA, capital of the above government, stands on the right bank of the Vorskla, 88 miles by rail to the west-south-west of Kharkoff. The town is built on a plateau which descends by steep slopes nearly on all sides ; the buildings are separated by large yards and gardens. Several suburbs, inhabited by Cossacks, whose houses are buried amid gardens, and a German colony, surround the town. Water is scarce, and has to be brought a long distance, from the marshy Vorskla. The oldest buildings are the Krestovozdvijenskiy monas tery, erected in 1650, and a wooden church visited by Peter I. after the battle of Poltava. There are two lyceums for boys and girls, a " realschule, " a military school for cadets, a theological seminary, and two girls colleges, besides Russian, German, and Jewish primary schools. The manufactures are insignificant (58,000 in
1879); the principal are tobacco works (27,500) and a