510 P O P P P Date of Election or Consecration. Date of Death. Date of Election or Consecration. Date of Death. 1046 25 xii, cs. Clemens II. t 9 x, 1047 1389 2 xi Bonifucius IX. f 1 x, 1404 1048 1" vii, cs. Damasus II. t !) viii, 1048 1404 17 x Innocentius VII. t 6 xi, 1406 1049 12ii, cs. S. Leo IX. t 19 iv, 1054 1406 2 xii Gregorius XII. (t 1419) resignat. 4 vii, 1415 1055 13 iv, cs. Victor II. t 28 vii, 1057 1409 20 vi Alexander V. t 3 v, 1410 1057 2 riii, el. Stephanus X. t 29 iii, 1058 1410 17 v Joannes XXIII. (t 22 xi, 1419) amor. 24 v, 1415 1058 > iv, el. Benedict X. expuls. c. i, 1059 141711 xi Martinus V. f 20 ii, 1431 1059 24 i, cs. Nieolaus II. t 27 vii, 1061 1431 3 iii Kugenius IV. t 23 ii, 1447 1061 1 x, el. Alexander II. t 21 iv, 1073 1447 6 iii Nioolaus V. f 24 iii, 1455 1073 -2-1 iv, el. S. Gregorius VII. t 25 v, 1085 1455 8 iv Calixtus III. t 6 viii, 1458 1038 24 v, el. Victor III. t 10 ix, 1087 1458 1!) viii Pius II. f 15 viii, 1464 1083 12 iii, el. Urban us II. t 2!) vii, 1099 1464 31 viii Paulus II. t 2H vii, 1471 1099 13 viii, cl. Paschalis II. 21 i, 1118 1471 9 viii Sixtus IV. f 12 viii, 1484 1118241, el. Gclasius II. t 291, 1119 1484 24 viii Innocentius VIII. t 2- , vii, 1492 1119 2 ii, el. Calixtus II. t 13-14 xii 1124 1492 11 viii Alexander VI. t 18 viii, 1503 1124 15-10 xii, el. Honorius II. t 14 ii, 1130 1503 22 ix Pius III. f IS x, 1503 1130 14 ii, el. Innocentius II. 24 ix, 1143 1503 1 xi Julius II. t 21 ii, 1513 1143 20 ix, cl. Cuelestinns II. t 8 iii, 1144 1513 15 iii Leo X. f 1 xii, 1521 1144 12 iii, el. Lucius II. t 15 ii, 1145 1522 .) i Hadrianus VI. t 14 ix, 1523 1145 15 ii, el Eugenius III. t 8 vii, 1153 1523 19 xi Clemens VII. t 25 ix, 1534 1153 12 vii, cs. Anastasius IV. t 3 xii, 1154 1534 13 x Paulus III. t 10 xi, 1549 1154 4 xii, el. Hadrianus IV. t 1 ix, 1159 1550 8 ii Julius III. f 2:! iii, 1555 1159 7 ix, el. Alexander III. t 30 viii, 1181 1555 9 iv Marcellus II. t 30 iv, 1555 1181 1 ix Lucius III. t 25 xl, 1185 1555 23 v Paulus IV. t IS viii, 1559 1185 25 xi Urbanus III. t 20 x, 1187 1559 25 xii Pius IV. t 9 xii, 1565 1187 21 x, el. Gregorius VIII. t 17 xii, 1187 1566 17 i, cs. S. Pius V. t 1 v, 1572 1187 111 xii, el. Clemens III. t iii, 1191 1572 26 v Gregorius XIII. t 10 iv, 1585 1191 30 iii, el. Ceelestinus III. t 8 i. 1198 1585 1 v, cs. Sixtus V. t 27 viii, 1590 1198 8i Innocentius III. f !<> vii, 1216 1590 15 ix, el. Urbanus VII. j 27 ix, 1590 1216 IS vii Honorius III. t 18 iii, 1227 1590 5 xii Gregorius XIV. t 15 x, 1591 1227 19 iii Gregorius IX. f 21 viii, 1241 1591 2!) x, cl. Innocentius IX. t HO xii, 1591 1241 x Ccelestinus IV. t 17-18 xi, 1241 1592 :!0 i, el. Clemens VIII. t 5 iii, 1605 1243 25 vi Innocentius IV t 13 xii, 1254 1605 1 iv, el. Leo XI. t 27 iv, 1605 1254 25 xii Alexander IV. t 25 v, 1261 1605 16 v, cl. Paulus V. f 28 i, 1621 1261 29 viii Urbanus IV. t 2 x, 1264 1621 9 ii Gregorius XV. t 8 vii, 1623 1265 5 ii Clemens IV. t 29 xi, 1268 1623 6 viii, el. Urbanus VIII. f 29 vii, 1644 1271 1 ix Grogorius X. t 11 i, 1276 1644 15 ix Innocentius X. t 7 i, 1655 1276 23 ii, cs. Innocentius V. t 22 vi, 1276 1655 7 iv Alexander VII. t 22 v, 1667 1276 12 vii, el. Hadrianus V. t 17 viii, 1276 1667 20 vi Clemens IX. f .) xii, 1669 1276 13 ix Joannes XXI. t 16 v, 1277 1670 29 iv Clemens X. 22 vii, 1676 1277 25 xi Nieolaus III. t 22 viii, 1280 1676 21 ix Innocentius XI. t 12 vii, 1689 1281 22 ii Martinus IV. t 2.8 iii, 1285 1689 6x Alexander VIII. t 1 ii, 1691 1285 2 iv Honorius IV. t 3 iv, 1287 1691 12 vii Innocentius XII. t 27 ix, 1700 1288 15 ii Nieolaus IV. t 4 iv, 1292 1700 23 xi, el. Clemens XI. t 19 iii. 1721 1294 5 vii S. Coelestinus V. (f 19 v, 1296) res. 13 xii, 1294 1721 8 v Innocentius XIII. t 7 iii, 1724 1294 24 xii Bonifacius VIII. t 11 x, 1303 1724 29 v Benedictus XIII. t 21 ii, 1730 1303 22 x Benedictus XI. f 7 vii, 1304 1730 12 vii Clemens XII. t (i ii, 1740 1305 5 vi Clemens V. t 20 iv, 1314 1740 17 viii Benedictus XIV. t 3 v, 1758 1316 7 viii Joannes XXII. t 4 xii, 3 334 1758 6 vii Clemens XIII. t 2 ii, 1769 1334 20 xii Benedictus XII. t 25 iv, 1342 1769 19 v Clemens XIV. t 22 ix, 1774 1342 7 v, el. Clemens VI. t 6 xii, 1352 1775 15 ii Pius VI. t 2!) viii, 1799 1352 18 xii Innocentius VI. t 12 ix, 1362 1800 14 iii Pius VII. t 20 viii, 1823 1362 28 x Urbanus V. t 19 xii, 1370 1823 28 ix Leo XII. t 10 ii, 1829 1370 30 xii Gregorius XI. t 27 iii, 1378 1829 31 iii Pius VIII. 30 xi, 1830 1378 8 iv Urbanus VI. t 15 x, 1389 1831 2 ii Gregorius XVI. t 1 vi, 1846 [1378 20 ix Clemens VII. antipapa Aren. t 16 ix, 1394 1846 16 vi, el. Pius IX. t 3 vi, 1877 1394 28 ix Benedict XIII. (amot. 26 vii) 1417 t 23 v, 1423] 1877 vi, el. Leo XIII. Authorities. The great series known as the Annales Ecclcsiastici of Baronius, continued by Raynaldus, 42 vols. fol. (1738-56), represents a laborious but uncritical collection of materials from the earliest times down to the Reformation. The continuation by A. Theiner, embracing the period 1572-85, is of higher value. In a critical investigation of the original sources, the great work of F. Maassen, Geschichte dcr Quellen und der Literatur des canonischcn Rcchts in Abendlandc(l87l sq. ) is indispensable. Milman s History of Latin Christianity continues to be the fullest and most impartial source of information in English from the 1st to the 15th century; this may be supplemented by Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter torn 5tcn bis 16tc?i Jahrhundcrt, 8 vols. (1859-72), which throws considerable light on the political and social relations of the city and the papal States ; and also by Thomas Greenwood, Cathedra Petri, a political History of the great Latin Patriarchate, 6 vols. (1856-65). This latter work, although published subse quently to the first edition of Milman, was written before it, and, according to the author, without reference to its pages ; it deserves the praise of being, at least in the earlier volumes, a piece of learned and laborious research on the part of a layman of considerable ac quirements and candid disposition. In a comparison of the views and treatment of the two foregoing works, Win. von Giesebrecht s Geschichte dcr deutschen Kaiserzcit, 5 vols. (5th ed. now publishing), will be found useful. A History of the, Papacy during the Period of tJie Reformation, by Canon Creighton (only partly published), promises to furnish a valuable account of this period, derived from the original sources. From the Reformation, Leopold von Ranke, Die romischen Pdpste in den letztenvicr Jahrhundertcn, 3 vols. (7th ed., 1878), is the classic work. A translation of the first edition into English by Sarah Austin appeared in 1840, and has been fre quently reprinted. H. Geffcken, Church and State, translated by E. F. Taylor, 2 vols. (1877), supplies additional illustration, more especially of the relations in Germany. Nippold, Handbuch dcr ncuesten Kirchengeschichte, 2 vols. (1880-83), traces the subject from the Reformation to the present time. The difficulties attach ing to the first commencement, the earlier chronology, and the episcopal succession arc elaborately treated by R. A. Lipsius, Die Quellen der romischen Pctrussagc (1872), and Chronologic der romi schen Bischb fe bis zur Mitte dcs vicrten Jahrhunderts (1869). For the abstract treatment of the subject, Thonmssin, Vetus ct nova Ecclesiie Diseiplina (1773), supplies the views of the moderate adherent of the Gallican Church as opposed to the ultramontanists; while the classic though somewhat antiquated discussion by Bingham in his Antiquities of the Christian Church (1st ed., 1708- 22) gives the corresponding view of the moderate Anglican. The treatise of R. Baxmann, Die Politik dcr Pcipste, ron Grcgpr I. bis auf Grtgor VII. , 2 vols. (1868-69), is of considerable merit. The Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, edited by Jaffe and Potthast, 3 vols., gives a kind of catalogue raisonne of the pontifical briefs, letters, and encyclicals from 67 to 1304 A.D. Of the letters them selves no complete collection has appeared ; the volume edited by Constant (1796) comes down only to 437, the more recent collection by Thiel embraces only the period 461-523. The Bulls of Innocent IV. and Benedict XI. have recently been 7 editcd from the original MSS. in the Vatican, the former by M. Elie Berger, the latter by M. Grandjean. For information on technical points involving the relations of the popedom to the canon law and the church at large, see J. F. von Schultz, Lehrbuch dcs katholischcn Kirchcnrcchts, 2 vols. (1856-60). The manual by F. Walter, Lchrluch des Kirchcn- rechts aller christlichcn Confessioncn (14th ed., 1871), of which the first edition appeared in 1822, illustrates the departure from the older ecclesiastical code which took its rise in the anti-Febronian movement. The abuses that arose out of the papal nepotism are depicted by Gregorio Leti (a convert from Romanism in the 17th century) in a well-known volume, "II Nipotismo di Roma, or the History of the Pope s Nephews from the time of Sixtus IV. to the death of Alexander VII., in two parts : written originally in Italian and Englished by W. A. , London, 1669." The tombs of the pontiff s and the associations they recall are admirably described by Gregoro vius in a little volume entitled Die Grabdcnkmalcr der Pdpste (2d cd., 1881). (J. B. M.) POPLAR (Pojwlm}, the name of a small group of arborescent amentaceous plants, belonging to the order Salicacex. The catkins of the poplars differ from those of the nearly allied willows in the presence of a rudimentary
perianth, of obliquely cup-shaped form, within the toothed