554 PORTUGAL [HISTORY. ally the city of Lisbon, was ravaged by cholera and yellow fever during this reign, itself evidence of the extreme neglect of all sanitary precautions ; and on 1 1th November 1&61 the king, who refused to quit the pestilence-stricken capital, died of cholera, and was speedily followed to the grave by two of his brothers, Dom Ferdinand and Dom John. Luis. At the time of Dom Pedro s death his brother and heir, Dom Luis, was travelling on the Continent ; and his father, Dom Ferdinand, again assumed the regency until his son s return, soon after which Luis married Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy. The new king followed his brother s policy and allowed his ministers to fight their battles in the chambers without interference from himself. During his reign the old combatants of the reign of Maria da Gloria died off one by one, Palmella, Terceira, Thomar, Saldanha. and Sa de Bandeira. Their successors in political leadership, the duke of Loul6, Aguiar, the mar quis of Avila, and Antonio Manuel Fontes Pereira de Mello, though not inferior in administrative ability, always avoided an appeal to arms, and therefore, if they do not contribute striking pages to the history of Portugal, certainly con- tiibuted more to the prosperity of the country. The last pronunciamento, or rather attempt at a pronunciamento, of the last survivor of Queen Maria s turbulent statesmen, the duke of Saldanha, in 1870, only proved how entirely the day of pronunciamentos had gone by. He conceived the notion that the duke of Louie, as a freemason and an advanced progressist, was a favourite with the king, after the manner of the duke of Polignac and Charles X. of France ; so, recalling a few such historical examples to the king s mind, he insisted on the duke s dismissal, and threatened an appeal to arms. The king, perceiving that Saldanha was in earnest, and knowing the great influence of the old man, consented to dismiss the duke of Louie. After keeping Saldanha himself in office for four months, Luis sent him as ambassador to London notwithstanding his eighty years, where he could do no mischief, and where he died in 1876. The steady prosperity of Portugal has been largely due to the present form of government based on the charter of 1826, as modified in 1852, and is borne witness to by the reconstitution of the House of Peers in 1878 from an hereditary assembly to one of life peers. It is a notable fact that the two loans raised by the Portu guese Government in 1880 and in 1882 were quickly sub scribed, and mainly within Portugal itself. Of recent years much attention has been drawn to the Portuguese settlements in Africa, since the opening up of the interior has made them of vast importance on both the east and the west coast. The king, ministers, and people of Portu gal are fully aware of the new vista to their prosperity thus disclosed to them, and the Portuguese travellers Serpa Pinto, Roberto Ivens, and Brito Capello have taken an important share in the explorations which have opened up the interior of Africa and paved the way for its develop ment. Public works, however, have not been neglected, and Fontes Pereira de Mello, the leader of the " regener- ador " party, who has been prime minister three times from 1871 to 1877, from 1878 to 1882, and from 1883 has steadily improved and extended the railway and tele graph systems, and carried out the more difficult labours of sanitary reform. Education also has not been neglected, and a good system of secondary and primary education has been established, mainly owing to the labours of the Portuguese poet, Antonio Feliciano de Castilho. The share taken by the leaders of the great literary and historical revival which dates from the conclusion of the civil wars of 1846 and the publication of the first volume of Hercu- lano s History of Portugal in 1848 in Portuguese political and social reform is a marked feature of the modern parlia mentary life of the country ; and not only have the poets Almeida Garrett and Mendes Leal and the historian Rebello da Silva held office, but many of the most promising of the new generation of literary men, such as Latino Coelho and Pinheiro Chagas, have distinguished themselves in politics. Few countries so well realize the advantages of a constitu tional and parliamentary form of government as Portugal : socialism possesses there a reforming, not a revolutionary force ; unity of pride in their country inspired by great writers has made the modern Portuguese ambitious to revive the glories of the past, and united men of all shades of opinion in a common patriotism. The Camoens celebra tion of 1880 showed that the Brazilians were still proud of their mother-country, and that the Portuguese race all over the world was ready to develop new energy and per severance, and to prove its true descent from the men who under Affonso Henriques overthrew the Moors, who under John I. and John IV. rejected the rule of the Spaniards, under Affonso de Albuquerque and Joao de Castro con quered the East, and who by the voyage of Vasco de Gama created a new era in the history of the world. Bibliography. The best continuous history of Portugal is still that of Heinrich Schaefer, in Heeren and Ukert s Europaische Staats-Gcschichte, 1840-46, partly translated into Portuguese by J. L. Doniingues de Mendon<;a (Lisbon, 1842-47), which quite eclipsed the very ordinary works of Diogo Lemos (20 vols., 1786- 1820), Sousa Monteiro (10 vols., 1838), and J. F. Pereira (3 vols., 1846-48), and the two chief English and French histories up to that date, J. Dunham s (along with that of Spain) in Lardner s Cabinet Cydopsedia (1838-43), and Bouchot s, in Duruy s Histoirc Uni- rerselle (1846). After the publication of Schaef er s History, and not uninfluenced by it, Alexandre Herculano commenced his great work, the Ilistoria de Portugal (4 vols., 1848-53), in which he overthrew old legends and treated history scientifically. Owing, however, to the persecution and libellous pamphlets of such men as Francisco Recreio, J. D. Fonseca Fereira, and A. C. Pereira, he closed his work at the year 1279 ; but from 1854 to 1857 he pub lished his Da Origcm e Estabelecimcnto da Inquisic^ao cm Portugal, which also caused a great outciy. Nevertheless his example was followed, and a series of extremely good histories has been issued during the last twenty years, notably L. A. Rebello da Silva s Ilistoria de, Portugal pendente XVI. e XVII. Scculos (5 vols., 1860-71), which covers the failm e of Dom Sebastian and the revolu tion of 1640 ; J. M. Latino Coelho s Ilistoria dc Portugal dcsde os fins do XVIII. Scculo ate 1S14 (1874) ; J. F. Fonseca Benevides s Las Rainhas de Portugal (1878) ; and the extremely interesting and illustrated Ilistoria de Portugal in 37 parts by Antonio Ennes, B. Ribeiro, Edouard Vidal, G. Lobato, L. Cordeiro, and Pinheiro Chagas (1877-83). The new historical school, headed by the vis count of Santarem, has also spent much time iipon the conquests of the Portuguese in India, and Herculano edited the Rotciro de Vasco de Gama ; nor must the admirable editions of the old Portuguese navigators and travellers published by the Hakluyt Society be omitted, or the well-known Life of Prince Henry of Portugal, by R. H. Major (London, 1868), which has been trans lated into Portuguese by J. A. Ferreira Brandao (1876). The new school has paid attention to the publication of the early chronicles of Portugal, and since 1856 several volumes of Portugallix Monu- menta Historica have been issued by the Lisbon Academy of Sciences under the direction of Herculano ; but this work was not neglected by their predecessors, as appears in the Collcccdo dos Lirros incditos de Histoi-ia Portugiieza, edited by J. F. Correa da Serra for the academy (11 vols., 1790-1804), and the Collcccdo dos princi2)acs Auctores da Historia Portugucza, published in the same manner (1806). Fixdera, too, were not neglected during the present century ; there exist two good collections : one, commenced by the viscount of Santarem as Quadro clcmcntar das Rclacoes politicas c diplomaticas de Portugal, and continued by Rebello da Silva for the academy as Corpo diplomatico Portugucz, extends from the early days of the monarchy till 1640 (36 vols., 1856-78); the other, which is practically a continuation of the first, is called a Collcccdo dos Actos publicos cclebrados entre a Coroa de Portugal e as mais Potcncias dcsde 1640 ate ao Presente, commenced by J. Ferreira Borges de Castro, and continued by J. Judice Biker (8 vols., 1856-66). Two works on constitutional history here deserve mention, Mcmorias para a Historia das Inquiracoes dos primeiros Reinqdos de Portugal, published (1816) by the Lisbon College of Diplomatics, and Mcmorias para a Historia e Theoria das Cortes, by the viscount of Santarem (Lisbon, 1828). Before noticing books treating exclusively of the history of the present cen tury, a few special works and articles ought to be enumerated, such
as the chevalier de Jant s Relations de la France avec le Portugal