P O Z P R A 651 developed, until it became the ruling passion of his life. Ultimately his hatred of Napoleon knew no bounds, and, regarding him as the " scourge of the world," he sought to compass his ruin with a pertinacity which discourage ments and difficulties served only to whet and kindle into redoubled ardour. In 1794 he was chosen president of the Board of Council, under the English viceroy, and when the British were expelled from the island in 1797 he went to London, where he carried on a secret mission on behalf of the Bourbons. At Vienna in 1798 he assisted in effect ing a coalition between Austria and Russia against France, and in 1803 he entered the Russian service, where he became councillor of state, and was employed by the czar in all his most important diplomatic negotiations. He attempted in vain to form a new coalition after the battle of Jena, and retired, first to Austria, then to England. Recalled to Russia in 1812, he exerted all his influence to urge a continuance of the Avar with France till the power of Napoleon should be broken. In addition to this he secured the alliance of the Swedish crown prince Berna- dotte, and also went to London to secure the active co operation of England. He it was who counselled the allies to bring matters to a crisis by marching on Paris, and it was he who penned the famous declaration that they waged war against Napoleon, not against the French people. He gave warning to the congress of Vienna of the possibility of Napoleon returning from Elba, was pre sent at the battle of Waterloo, where the power of Napoleon was finally crushed, and on 20th November 1815 enjoyed the supreme satisfaction of signing the treaty of Paris as Russian ambassador. In 1826 he was appointed to repre sent Russia at Paris. He retired from public life in 1835, and died at Paris on 15th February 1842. Stein ct Pozzo di Sorgo, 1846, English trans., 1847 ; Vulirer, Notice bioyraphique sur le Comte Pozzo di Borgo, 1842. POZZUOLI, the ancient PUTEOLI, a city of Italy, on the northern shore of the Bay of Pozzuoli (Sinus Puteo- lanus or Cumanus), the western portion of the Gulf of Naples, separated from the larger eastern portion by the promontory of Posillipo and from the open sea on the west by the peninsula which terminates in Cape Miseno. It is a place of 11,967 inhabitants (1881) and the centre of a commune, which, including Bacoli (3130 ; the ancient Bauli) and Nisida (1202), numbers 17,269. Its small flat-roofed houses cluster picturesquely on a tongue of land projecting south-west into the bay. The cathedral of St Proculus occupies the site of a temple erected to Augustus by L. Calpurnius and contains the tomb of Per- golesi. The harbour is still visited by 500 or 600 sailing vessels in the course of the year. But the true riches of Pozzuoli are its ruins. First in point of interest is the Serapeum or temple of Serapis. This consisted of a rect angular court enclosed by forty-eight massive columns and having in the centre a round temple with sixteen Corinthian pillars of African marble. The three great columns of the portico, about 40 feet high, still stand. The perforations of a boring mollusc show that they must for a time have been submerged 13 feet in the sea. The new upheaval of the ground appears to have begun before 1530 and to have been hastened by the great Monte Nuovo eruption of 1538. A gradual subsidence has again been observed since the beginning of the 19th century. The pillars of the round temple are now in Caserta, and the statue of Serapis is in the National Museum at Naples. The amphitheatre (482 feet long by 383 broad), erected in the time of the Flavian dynasty on the hill behind the town, was seated for 30,000 spectators, and had an arena 286 feet long and 138 feet broad. Among the populace the building is known as the Prison of St Januarius, be cause, according to the legend, that saint and his com panions were here condemned to fight with wild beasts. At an earlier date it had been the scene of the spectacle in which Nero, in presence of King Tiridates of Armenia, displayed his personal prowess. To the west of the Sera peum lie traces of various minor ruins, a temple of Neptune, &c., and especially the site of Cicero s villa (Puteolanum or Academia), which was afterwards occupied by a temple in honour of the emperor Hadrian. The whole neigh bourhood has proved rich in epigraphic remains. Puteoli first appears under the name of Dicsearchia as a port of the people of Cuinae. The statement made by Steplianus of Byzan tium and Eusebius, that the city was founded by a colony of Samians, probably refers to some secondary accession of population from that quarter. The Romans in 215 B.C. introduced a garrison of 6000 men to protect the town from Hannibal ; and in 194 B.C. a Roman colony was established. In the Civil War the citizens sided first with Pompey and afterwards with Brutus and Cassius. Augustus strengthened the colony with a body of his veterans (hence Colonia Augusta], and Nero admitted the old inhabitants into it. The remains of Hadrian, who died at the neighbouring town of Baise, were burned at Puteoli, and Antoninus Pius, besides erecting the temple to his memory already mentioned, instituted sacred games to be held in the city every five years. It was mainly, however, as a great commercial port that Puteoli was famous in ancient times. It was one of the two places in Italy (Rome was the other) where the Tyrian merchants had a regular trading station ; it trafficked with Syria (merchants from Berytus are mentioned among its residents), Egypt, Africa, and Spain, and spices from the East, corn from Alexandria, iron from Populonium were stored in its warehouses. Like Ostia, Puteoli was considered a special port of Rome, and, on account of the great safeness and convenience of its harbour, it was preferred to Ostia for the landing of the more costly and delicate wares. Like Ostia, consequently, it was treated as practically part of Rome, and with it enjoyed the peculiar distinction of being enrolled in the Palatine tribe. The artificial mole was probably of earlier date than the reign of Augustus ; and by that time there were docks large enough to contain the vessels employed in bringing the obelisks from Egypt. Remains of the piles of the mole still exist, and are popularly known as Caligula s Bridge, from the mistaken idea that they belong to the temporary structure which that emperor flung across the bay from the mole at Puteoli to the shore at Baire. Alaiic (410), Genseric (455), and Totila (545) successively laid Puteoli in ruins. The restoration effected by the Byzantines was partial and short-lived. Sacked by Grimoald of Beneventum in 715, harassed by the Saracens in the 10th century, captured by John duke of Naples in 1014, and again sacked by the Turks in 1550, the city could hardly have continued prosperous even apart from the earth quakes of 1198 and 1538. Works on Puteoli have been written by Mazzella (1594), Capaccio (1G04), Sarnellius (1691), Parrino (1709), Jorio (1817 and 1830). See the bibliography in Corp. Inscr. Lat., vol. x. part i. pp. 182, 317. PRADIER, JAMES, French sculptor, was born at Geneva in 1790 and died in Paris on 5th June 1852. He was a member of the Academy and a brilliant and popular sculptor of the pre-Romantic period, representing in France the drawing-room classicism which Canova illustrated at Rome. His chief works are the Son of Niobe, Atalanta, Psyche, Sappho (all in the Louvre), Prometheus (Tuileries Gardens), a bas-relief on the triumphal arch of the Car rousel, the figures of Fame on the Arc de 1 Etoile, and a statue of J. J. Rousseau for Geneva. See Magazln pittorcsque, iii., vi., and xi. ; Barbet de Jouy, Sculptures modcrncs du Louvre. PRAED, WINTHROP MACKWORTH (1802-1839), one of the most illustrious English writers of vers de societe, was the third and youngest son of William Mackworth Praed, serjeant at law. The name of his father s family had been originally Mackworth, and the circumstances under which the additional title of Praed was adopted are set out in the Parochial History of Cornwall (iii. 101). Winthrop, a cognomen famous across the Atlantic as borne by the governor of Massachusetts, was his mother s maiden name, and the union of these three consonantal names in the person of Winthrop Mackworth Praed formed the combina tion over which Miss Mitford expressed righteous indig nation. He was born at 35 John Street, Bedford Row, London, 26th July 1802, and almost as soon as he could
read was taught by his father to "lisp in numbers." His