826 P R P II O more or less successful have been made from the first to exclude clergymen and professors identified with it from the pulpits and chairs of Berlin and elsewhere, though mem bership in it involves no legal disqualification for either. One of the objects of the association was to some extent obtained by the reorganization of the Prussian Church when Dr Falk vas cultus minister, on the basis of parochial and synodal representation, which came into full operation in 1879. But the election for the general synod turned out very unfavourable to the liberal party, and the large orthodox majority endeavoured to use their power against the principles and the members of the association. The members of the association elected to the general synod were nine only, while the party of the decidedly orthodox numbered upwards of seventy. In 1882 the position of the association was rendered still more difficult by the agitation in Berlin of Dr Kalthoff and other members of it in favour of a " people s church " on purely dis senting and extremely advanced theological principles. The turn of the political tide in the direction of conserva tism in Berlin indicated by the retirement of the cultus minister Dr Falk increased the difficulties and the work of the association, far as Dr Falk was from sanctioning its theological principles. Moreover, it had sustained severe losses in its membership by death and other causes. At the end of the twelfth year of its existence (1877) the associa tion had 7500 members, its aimual income was nearly 350, and it had distributed in the same year 10,000 copies of its publications. Jn IsSO the number of members had risen to 26,000, and of local associations tu SO. See Schenkel, Der Deutsche Protestantenverein nnd seine Bedeutung fur die fi.- jetiwart (Wiesbaden, 18(iS, id ed. 1871); Der Deutsche Protestantenaerein in seinen Statuten und den Thesen seiner llaupttersammlungeti, 1865-82 (Kerlin, ]SS3), and the annual reports in the Allyemeiiie Kirchliche Kronik, 18G5-S2, uiid T/teoloyical Review, July 18U9, pp. 2S9-9G. PROTESTANTS is the generic term for members of the churches which owe their origin directly or indirectly to the REFORMATION (q.v.}. The name is derived from the Protest of Spires in 1529 (see LUTHER, vol. xv. p. 80). Certain small communities of Christians older than the Reformation, but agreeing with it in rejecting the author ity of Rome, are generally and quite logically grouped as Protestants ; and popularly the name is considered to include all Christians who do not belong to the Greek and Roman Catholic communions, though members of the Anglican Church, for example, frequently protest against such a classification as historically false and personally obnoxious. Protestantism has flourished best among the Teutonic peoples of Northern Europe, and has always found it difficult to make its way among the Latin peoples of the South. The following table shows approximately the number of Protestants in the world : I. EUROPE Great Britain and Ireland (Anglicans, 18,800,000; Presbyterians, 3,900,000; Methodists, 3,500,000; Independents, 1,200,000; Baptists, 1,000,000) 28,400,000 (estimate) German Empire (Lutherans, Reformed, and United, 28,318,280; Mennonites and other Baptists, 38,744) 28,357,024 (1880) Norway and Sweden (Norway, 1,805,076; Sweden, 4,561,759, mostly Lutheran) 6,366,835 (1875 and 1880 Denmark and Iceland (Denmark, 1,960,844; Iceland, 72,000, mostly Lutheran) 2,032,844 (1880) Holland (Reformed, 2,346,568 including Remonstrants, 9678; Lutherans, 73,696; Mennonites, 50,705) 2,472,680 (1879) Switzerland (mainly Reformed) 1,667,109 (1880) (Making a total in countries of the Teutonic race of 69,296,492.) France (Reformed or Calvinists, 467,531; Lutherans, 80,117; others, 33,109) 580,757(1872) Belgium, Spain and Portugal, Luxemburg, and Monaco (respectively 15,000, 10,500, 963, and 626) ... 27,089 (various) Italy (Waldeusians, Free Church of Italy, Methodists, Baptists, &c.) 62,000 (estimate; Roumania 13,800 (estimate) (Total in countries of the Latin race, 683,646.) Austria (Lutherans, 289,005; Reformed, 110,525; Unitarians, 169, &c.) 401,479 (1880) Hungary (Lutherans, 1,130,150; Reformed, 2,043,280; Unitarians, 56,190) 3,229,620(1880) Russia in Europe (Lutherans in Finland, 2,019,727) 4,504,000 (partly estimate) Turkey, Greece, Servia (respectively 10,200, 20,000, and 500) 30,700 (estimate) (Total in countries of Slavonic, non-Arvan, and mixed race, 8,165,799.) 78,145,937 II. AMERICA United States (Methodists, 3,686,114 church members; Baptists, 2,424,878; Lutherans, 950,868; Disciples of Christ, 591,821; Congregationalists, 381,697; Episcopalians, 347,781) 30,000,000* Canada 2,422,285 (1881) West Indies 160,500 (estimate) Central and South America 180,000 (partly estimate) 32,762,785 III. ASIA and AUSTRALASIA India (Anglicans, &c., 373,848; Baptists, Presbyterians, &c., 128,794 ; Lutherans, 29,577) 532,219 (1881) Dutch Possessions 170,000 (partly estimate China and Corea (73,000), Japan (13,000), and Siam (2000) 88,000 (estimate) Turkey in Asia (100,000) and Persia (5000) 105,000 (estimate) New South Wales (516,512), Victoria (618,392), Queensland (139,380) 1,274,284 (1881) South Australia (216,626) and West Australia (20,613) 237,239(1881) ^ew Zealand 393,971 (1881) tolynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia (260,000, 8000, and 16,000) 284,000 (estimate) 3,084,713 Iv. AFRICA Egypt and North Africa (10,000) and West Africa (110,000) 120,000 (estimate) Cape Colony, &c 400,000 (estimate) Last and Central Africa (2000) and Madagascar (300,000) 302,000 (estimate) 822,000 Total number of Protestants thus ascertained 114,815,435
- * T v t * * Li I- IV 111 11 1 Isl.llLll ll JL _/ L/bV 1-ALi.L Il^l O W ^^ i/ tt / / / " LJl/W/l/ fcOl/ f O 1
- 3,000,000 Protestants, or 8 "5 per cent, of the total population of the world, which he states at 1,435,000,000. a 1880.
This estimate of the Protestant population is based on the details of church membership (partly given above) obtained at the census