PUNJAB 109 Popula- The population of the British province in 1881 numbered tion. 18,_850,437, of the feudatory states 3,861,683 ; total, 22,712,120. This total number consists of : British Territory. Native States. Total. Mohammedans 10 525 150 1 137,284 11,662,434 7 130 528 2 121 767 9,252,295 1 121 004 595,110 1,716,114 35 820 6,852 42,678 33 420 279 33 699 2 864 387 3,251 462 3 465 Others 1,183 1 1,184 18,850,437 3,861,683 22,712,120 The Christians are thus distri- buted : European, British subjects .... Other European and American 10,761 17,015 1 821 159 8 23 10,920 17,023 1 844 Native 3 823 89 3 912 33,420 279 33,699 The Punjab has one-fourth of the Mohammedan inhabitants of India, one-twentieth of the Hindus, and eleven-twelfths of the Sikhs. Of the Hindus the classes most largely represented are Jats (4, 432, 720) and Rajputs (1,677, 569). There are in the Punjab certain criminal tribes, always under surveillance, of which the population is at present 13,957. The tribes of the western hill frontier are Mohammedans and Pathans in the north and Baluchis in the south (with one Pathan tribe among them). There are sixteen principal Pathan tribes, of which the most important are the Momand, Afridi, and Orakzai on the Peshawar border, and the Waziri adjoining Bannu and the Derajat ; and seven Baluch tribes on the Dera Ghazi Khan border, the chief of which are the Bozdar, Marri, and Bugti. Adminis- The British province is divided for administrative purposes into trative thirty-one districts, each under a deputy commissioner, grouped in divisions, six divisions, each under a commissioner. Division. District. Area. Popula- tion. Division. District. Area. Popula- tion. so. m. sq. m. Delhi .. Delhi.... 1,276 643,515 Rawal Rawal Gurgaon ! 1,938 641,848 Pindi Pindi . . 4,861 820,512 Rohtak ..1,811 553,609 Jhelum . . 3,910 589,373 Hissar 1 . . 5,042 630,820 Shahpur 4,691 421,508 Karnal .. 2,396 622,621 Gujrat . . 1,973 689,115 Ambala .. 2,570 1,067,2(33 Gujran- Simla .... 18 42,945 wala . . 2,587 616,892 Jalandar Ludiana 1,375 618,835 Sialkot .. 1,958 1,012,148 Firozpur 1 4,254 777,156 Derajat Muzaffar- Jalandar 1,322 789,555 garh .. 3,139 338,605 Hushiar- Dera pur 2,180 901,381 Ghazi K:tngra . . ;9,069 730,845 Khan . . 4,517 363,346 Lahore Gurdas- Dera pur.. . ;1,822 823,695 Ismail Amritsar '1,574 893,266 Khan . . 9,296 441,649 Lahore . . 3,648 924,106 Bannu . . 3,868 332,577 Jhang . . 5,702 395,296 Pesha- Peshawar 2,504 592,674 Mont- war Hazara . . 3,039 407,075 gomery 5,574 426,529 Kohat .. 2,838 181,540 Multan . . 5,880 551,964 Khyber Pass 8,173 106,632 18,850,437 Native states. Lan- guages. The native states in feudal subordination to the British Govern- ment and in connexion with the Punjab are thirty-six in number, thirty-one Hindu and five Mohammedan. Of these many are very insignificant, the rulers being petty Rajput chiefs of old family and small means. The highest chief in rank and importance is the maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu, a Dogra Rajput (see vol. xiv. p. 12). The next is the maharaja of P ATI ALA (q.v.). The Moham- medan state of Bah;iwalpur on the Sutlej is next, with a popula- tion under half a million and a revenue of about 20 lakhs. Next in order are the rajas of Jmd and NABHA (q. v. ), cis- Sutlej states. They are Jats, like the maharaja of Patiala, of the Phulkian clan (named from Phul, the founder of these three houses, in the middle of last century). Next comes the raja of KAPURTHALA (q.v.) in the fertile Jalandar Doab, of the Ahluwalia family. Of the rest the most important in point of revenue are the states of Mandi in the hill country west of the Sutlej, and Sarmur in the hills east of that river, under Rajput rulers, and Faridkot and Maler Kotla in the plains, cis-Sutlej, the former Hindu, the latter Mohammedan. Of the 22,700,000 people in the Punjab, in British territory and the native states, about 14,000,000 speak the provincial language, Panjabi, which varies in character in different parts of the pro- vince. About 4,250,000 speak HINDUSTANI (q.v.), this number including those whose ordinary vernacular is Hindi, but who 1 The figures for the Hissar and Firozpnr districts are only approximate, but the sum of the two together is correct. In the redistribution which is now (1S85) being carried out the former district of Sirsa has been abolished ; the eastern part is added to Hissav and the western to Firozpur. In the above statement half of the area and population has been assigned to each. understand and are gradually adopting the more comprehensive Hindustani. These two languages are the most generally used throughout the province, but not equally in all parts. The other languages in use are more or less local. Jatki, spoken by about 1, 500,000, belongs chiefly to the south-east districts. The language of the eastern hill country is a form of Hindi, spoken by about 1,500,000. Dogri is the language of the northern hills, and Kashmiri of a few large bodies of Kashmir workpeople at Ludiana, Nurpur, Amritsar, and some other places. The language of the Pathans of the northern part of the trans-Indus frontier is Pushtu (see vol. i. p. 238). Baluchi is spoken on the same frontier, farther south, ad- jacent to Baluchistan, Sindi at the extreme south, next to Sind, and Bagri, a variety of Hindi, in the cis-Sutlej district bordering on Bikam'r. There are also some minor local dialects, and a few people speaking languages not of the Punjab, Persian, Bengali, Mahrathi, Turki, Tibetan, Nipalese. Hindustani is the language of the law courts and of all ordinary official and other communica- tions with chiefs and people. Many books, periodicals, and newspapers are published in some of these spoken languages, the greatest number in Hindustani, others in Hindi, Panjabi, Pushtu, and Persian, also some in Sanskrit and classical Arabic, which are not spoken. During the last quarter of which the details are published 360 books were registered, 161 Hindustani, 135 Hindi, 36 English, 16 Arabic, the rest bilingual. There are 7 English and 23 vernacular periodicals, monthly and fortnightly, and 28 vernacular newspapers are published in the British province and 3 in native states. The number of children under instruction in schools in the Pun- Educa jab is 184,000 (9000 girls). There are 1559 primary schools for tion. boys, 206 middle schools, 25 high schools, and 3 industrial schools, also a training college and 4 normal schools. For girls there are 321 primary schools, 4 middle, 1 high, 1 industrial, and 4 normal schools. The higher and special educational institutions are the Lahore Government College, the Cambridge University Mission College at Delhi, the Oriental College of the Punjab University, the Medical School, and the Mayo School of Art, the last three at Lahore. A ward's school, for the orphans of Sikh chiefs, estab- lished at Ambala in 1867, is about to be extended to receive other upper-class students. The Government department of public in- struction was established in 1856. In 1868 the first proposal of a university for the Punjab was made, chiefly at the instance of the literary society called the Anjuman-i-Punjab, with the support of the native chiefs. The institution took the form in 1870 of the Punjab University College, and it was raised in November 1882 to the status of a university. There are several other literary societies in the Punjab besides the Anjnman at Lahore. The police force numbers 19,827 men, with 580 officers, 68 of whom are Europeans. There is in addition a special frontier police. The military force in occupation of the Punjab consists of (1) Army, British troops (of which it has a larger proportion than any other province) ; (2) native troops of the regular Indian army ; (3) the Punjab frontier force, a local body of cavalry, infantry, and artillery, ordinarily employed only on the military duties of the western frontier ; and (4) the frontier militia, composed of men of the border tribes, both within and without British territory, employed as auxiliary to the regular troops, to garrison certain of the smaller fortified posts along the frontier. There is also a volunteer rifle corps of Europeans at the large stations and on the lines of railway. The total military force, including police, of the native states in connexion with the Punjab is 21,500. Most of the native manufactures of the Punjab are those common Manu to other parts of India, such as the ordinary cotton fabrics, plain factur woollen blankets, unglazed pottery, ropes and cord, grass matting, paper, leather-work, brass vessels, simple agricultural implements, and the tools used in trades. 2 Other manufactures, not so general, yet not peculiar to the Punjab, are woollen fabrics, carpets and shawls, silk cloths and embroidery, jewellery and ornamental metal-work, wood and ivory carving, turned and lacquered wood- work, glazed pottery, arms and armour, and musical instruments. But some of these classes of manufacture are represented by work of special kinds or special excellence in particular parts of the Punjab, notably the silk fabrics of Multan and of Bahawalpur, the capital of the native state ; the carpets of Lahore, Peshawar, &c. ; the "kashi" (see KASHI) or glazed tile-work (an ancient art still practised in a few places); "koft-kari," inlaid metal-work (gold wire on steel), chiefly made at Gujrat and Sialkot ; shawls and other fine woollen fabrics, made by Kashmiri workpeople at Ludiana and Nurpur, as well as in Kashmir; "lungis," waist and turban scarfs, made at Peshawar, Banmi, &c. ; silk embroidery for shawls, scarfs, and turbans, at Delhi, Lahore, and Multan ; embroidery on cloth for elephant-trappings, bed and table covers, &c., at Lahore and Multan ; enamelled ornaments, in Kangra and Multan ; quill embroidery on leather, in Kangra and Simla ; lacquered wood- 2 The India Museum at South Kensington has an excellent series of repre- sentation* of native artisans and their mode of working, from the pencil of the present director of the Lahore School of Art, Mr J. L. Kipling, formerly of the School of Art at Bombay.
