Q U A Q U A 153 broke out between the province properly so-called and the territories which afterwards became the State of Delaware. Penn was engaged in protracted quarrels as to the bound- aries of his State ; the English crown made requisitions on the colonists for men and money to support the war in America against France. Penn was during some years suspended by the crown from his rights as governor ; his son and one of the deputy governors whom he sent out disgraced themselves by their licentious conduct ; the colony gradually passed away from under the influence of Quakerism; and Penn's "Civitas Dei" faded into an American republic. For many years large numbers of Quakers emigrated from England to America. The most noteworthy incidents in their history are the part which they have taken in that movement which has ended in the abolition of slavery in the United States and the interest which they have exhibited in the native Indians. France. The origin of the few Quaker congregations which exist in France is curious. It seems that amongst the Camisarda were found a few who disapproved of the military operations by which their friends resisted the persecution of Louis XIV., who believed in a spiritual light, who met for silent worship, and in other respects were like Quakers. Certain it is that towards the end of last century a small body of persons holding these views and these practices existed at Congenies and other villages at the foot of the Cevennes. During the war between England and France conse- quent on the American struggle for independence a Quaker was part owner in two luggers, which, against his protests, were employed as privateers and captured two valuable prizes ; he took his share of the spoil, invested and accumulated it, and on the conclusion of peace in 1783 advertised in the Gazette de France for the owners of the captured ships. This advertisement came to the knowledge of the little body at Congenies, and hence a communication was estab- lished between the French and English Quakers. Probably about the same time certain American Quakers, on the invitation of the French Government, migrated from Nantucket to Dunkirk, for the purpose of extending the fisheries. A curious episode in Quaker history is the presentation, on 10th February 1791, to the National Assembly of a petition from these two bodies of French Quakers, and the reply of the president. The petition and answer were printed by Baudoin, printer to the Assembly. Germany and Nonvay. both these countries exist small bodies of persons who have adopted the views and practices of the Quakers. These bodies date from early in the present century. Statistics of Quakerism. The number of Quakers in England and Wales in 1680 was probably about 40,000, and in 1806 about 32,000. In 1883 the total number of members in England, Wales, and Scotland was returned as 15,219 (193 were in Scotland), an increase of 106 on the previous year, and the number of habitual attendcrs of meetings of the body, not members, was 5380, an in- crease of 150. In Ireland there were, in 1883, 2812 Quakers. The Quakers in America number probably (including all bodies which claim to be Friends) from 50,000 to 60,000 or upwards. Besides these there are in Norway about 200, in France from 70 to 80, in Germany from 50 to 60, and in Australia and New Zealand from 500 to 600 Quakers. Bibliography. The writings of the early Quakers are numerous; the most noteworthy are the Journal of George Fox and the Life of Thomas Ellwood, both autobiographies, the Apology of Robert Barclay, and the works of Penn and Penington. The History of the Quakers by William Sewel, a Dutch Quaker, was translated into English, and has gone through several editions; a History of the Quakers by Gough may also be consulted. The Sufferings of the Quakers, by Besse (London, 1753), is the chief authority as to the persecutions they endured. The Peculiarities of the Society of Friends, and the other writings of Joseph John Gurney, exhibit the modern Evangelical Quakerism. The Book of Discipline of the Society, in its successive editions from 1782 to 1883, is the only authoritative statement of the views of the Society on Christian practice and church govern- ment, and a comparison of the different editions would throw light on the changes of sentiment in the body. The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth (London, 1876), by Robert Barclay, a descendant of the apologist, contains much curious information about the Quakers. Smith's Descriptive Catalogue of Friends' Books (London, 1867) gives the information which its title promises. Bancroft's History of the Colonization of the United States may be consulted for the American history of Quakers. The periodicals now issued by members of the Quaker body in Gre;it Britain are The Friend, T/ie British Friend, Friends' Quarterly Examiner, and Friends' Review. (E. F.) QUANTAMPOH, or KUNTAMPOH, a town of the Gold Coast region of western Africa, situated about 80 miles north-east of Coomassie, in 7 36' N. lat. and 1 4' W. long. According to Captain Brandon Kirby, who was the first white man to reach the place, it had in 1881 a resident population of 15,000, and traders passed through it to the number of about 25,000. Formerly it was one of the great ivory-marts of this part of Africa, and it is still a centre of the cola-nut trade, the slave trade, &c. QUARANTINE (Fr. quarantame, a period of forty days) is, in the original sense of the term, a thing of the past in the United Kingdom and in several of the other states of Europe, as well as in America. Its interest is therefore largely historical, and a sketch of the history will be given at the end of this article. But, in common usage, the same word is applied to the modern substitutes for quarantine, although these are a complete departure in principle or theory from the indiscriminate system of detention of ships and men, unlading of cargo in lazarets, fumigation of susceptible articles, and the like, which used to be carried to great lengths on account of the plague and in connexion with the Levantine trade. Substitute for Quarantine in the United Kingdom. The modern practice is to detain or refuse "pratique" to no ship unless there be a communicable form of sickness on board, or there had been such during the voyage. It is the duty of the officers of customs to question the captain as to the existence of any catching disease among the pas- sengers or ship's company ; if there be any evidence or suspicion of communicable infection, the officers of cus- toms report the same to the port sanitary authorities, who have power to deal with the case under the Public Health Act, and according to an order of the Local Government Board first issued in 1873. The medical officer of health proceeds at once to make an inspection, detaining the ship and all on board only until such time as the inspection can be satisfactorily made, the sick removed to hospital, and disinfectants applied. This practice was adopted with success in the case of several arrivals from Baltic and North Sea ports with cholera on board in 1873, no exten- sion of the disease on shore ensuing, and again in 1884 in the case of a troopship arrived at Portsmouth direct from Bombay, and of at least two arrivals (at Liverpool and Cardiff) from Marseilles, with cholera on board. It is also adopted from time to time on account of small-pox cases, and of other catching importations at the discretion of the port sanitary authority. The last importation of yellow fever into the United Kingdom was at Swansea in September 1865, by a wooden vessel with copper ore from St Jago de Cuba. There had been cases of yellow fever on board during the voyage ; but at Swansea (as in many other instances) the infection spread rather from the ship's hull and the unladed cargo than from the crew or their effects, and some fifteen deaths ensued. If such a case were to occur again, it would be dealt with, like any other communicable disease, by the port sanitary authority under the Public Health Act The yellow-fever incident of 1865 at Swansea is the last oc- casion on which the sanction of the Quarantine Acts has been appealed to. The privy council merely directed the board of customs to warn the parties implicated of their liability to prosecution, although no prosecution would be instituted. The Quarantine Acts are still unrepealed, but they may be said to have become practically obsolete during the past twenty years. Quarantine or its Substitutes in other European Countries. The principle of inspection, and of isolation of the sick, as stated above for the United Kingdom, was accepted with small reservation by the sanitary conference of Vienna in 1874, and it is now more or less consistently acted upon by all the larger European maritime states except Spain and Portugal. In times of cholera panic, quarantine of the original kind has been imposed against all arrivals from an " infected country " by ports of the Levant and Black Sea, and by several Mediterranean states besides Spain. But it is only in the ports of the Iberian Peninsula that the old quarantine traditions remain in force from year to year; and it is only for them that any special account need be given. The principal occupation of the quarantine establish- XX. 20
