LITERATURE.] REPTILES 441 distinct types of Chelonians were soon recognized, and appear also in Cuvier's Regne Animal, viz., Testudo, Emys, Chelys, Trionyx, Chelonia, with Sphargis. These types were at first recognized as genera, and raised by the sub- sequent authors to the rank of families, in which many more genera were distinguished, the arrangements merely differing in the various methods of subordination of the different families. The anatomy of Tortoises was investigated chiefly by C. Perrault, who gave a detailed description of one of the Gigantic Land Tortoises in Mem. Ac. Sc. Paris, iii. (1666- 69) ; by Cuvier in the Ossemens fossiles ; by Wiedemann in Arch. f. Zool. und Zoot., 1802 ; by Geoffrey St Hilaire in Ann. Mus., xiv. ; and especially by L. H. Bojanus, 1 who published an anatomical monograph of Emys europ&a, in which all parts are illustrated in detail, the plates being accompanied by an explanatory text. H. Rathke 2 studied their development, and L. Agassiz 3 and W. K. Parker 4 that of the Turtles. The most complete systematic and descriptive work is that by J. E. GRAY. He engaged in the study of Tortoises at various times, subdividing the principal groups, as the materials grew under his hands, at first principally on the ground of external characters, and afterwards of such craniological features as seemed to him of generic value. 5 ALEXANDER STRAUCH contributed two painstaking me- moirs, 6 the second of which is especially valuable as it contains a collection of all the published facts concerning the distribution of Tortoises over the globe. The authors mentioned associated Sphargis with Chelonia, the later ones generally as the type of a distinct family, all the marine Turtles being comprised in a section Pinnata or Euereta (Stannius) ; and it was only COPE who recognized in the want of specialization of the skeleton of the Leathery Turtle sufficient grounds for separating it into a distinct section, Athecae. c. Faunistic Works. ii.n In noticing the principal faunistic works, we omit the a majority of the older and antiquated publications, and almost all treatises which appeared in periodicals, as their existence can be readily ascertained by reference to works of more modern date or of a more general scope. Europe. (1) T. Bell, A History of British Reptiles; 2d ed., London, 1849, 8vo. (2)' S. Nilsson, Scandinavisk Fauna,, pt. iii. ; Amfibierne, 2d ed., London, 1860, 8vo. (3) A. Strauch, "Die Schlangen des Russischen Reichs, " Mem. Ac. Sc. St Petersburg, xxi. 1873, 4to. (4) H. Sehlegel, De Dieren van Nederland : Kruipende Dieren, Haarlem, 1862, 8vo. (5) F. Leydig, Die in Deutschland lebenden Arten der Sanrier, Tubingen, 1872, 4to ; and Ueber die einlieimisclien Schlangen, Frankfort, 1883, 8vo. (6) E. Schreiber, Herpetologia Uuropsea, Brunswick, 1875, 8vo. (7) V. Fatio, Faune des Vcrtebres de la Suisse, vol. iii. of Hist. nat. des Reptiles et des Batraciens, Geneva, 1872, 8vo. (8) C. L. Bonaparte, Iconografia della Fauna italica, vol. ii., " Amfibi, " Rome, 1832-41, fol. (9) E. de Betta, Erpetologia delle provincie Venete e del Tirolo meridionale, Verona, 1857, 8vo. (10) A. Strauch, " Essai d'tine Erpetologie de 1'Algerie," Mem. Acad. Sci. St Petersburg, 1862, 4to. (11) F. Lataste, Essai (Tune Faune Herpetologique de la Gironde, Bordeaux, 1876, 8vo. (12) J. von Bedriaga, Die Amphibian und Rcptilien Griechenlands, Moscow, 1882, 8vo. Persia. W. T. Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii., London, 1876, 8vo. 1 Anatome Testudinis europseie, Vilna, 1819-21, fol. 2 Ueber die Entwicklung der Schildkrb'ten, Brunswick, 1848, 4to. 3 "Embryology of the Turtle," in Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America, vol. i., Boston, 1857, 4to. 4 "The Development of the Green Turtle," in Voy. "Challenger," Zoology, vol. i., London, 1880, 4to. 5 Catalogue of Shield- Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum, part 1, Testudinata, London, 1855, 4to ; followed by Supplement to the Catalogue, <kc., 1870, and by Appendix to the Catalogue, <Lc., 1872. 8 " Chelonologische Studien " and "Die Verbreitung der Schild- kroten liber den Erdball," in Memoires de I' Acad. de St Petersb., 1862 and 1865. Japan. H. Sehlegel, Fauna Japenica Reptiles, Leyden, fol. East Indies. (1) P. Russel, Account of Indian Serpents, collected on the coast of Coromandel, containing Dcscrij)tions and Drawings of each Species, London, 1796, fol., and^4 Continuation of an Account of Indian Serpents, London, 1801-3, fol. (2) H. Sehlegel, Abbildungen neuer oder unvollstandig bekannter Amphibien, Diisseldorf, 1837-44, text 8vo, atlas fol. (3) J. E. Gray and Hardwicke, Illustrations of Indian Zoology, London, 1830-32, fol. (4) T. Cantor, Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands, Calcutta, 1847, 8vo. (5) A. Giinther, Reptiles of British India, London, 1864, fol. (6) W. Theobald, Catalogue of the Reptiles of British India, Calcutta, 1876, 8vo. (7) J. Fayrer, Hie TJianatophidia of India, London, 1874, fol. (8) J. Anderson, Anatomical and Zoological Researches, comprising an account of the Zoological Results of the two Expeditions to Western Yunnan, London, 1878, 4to. Africa. (1) Description de VEgypte Histoire naturelle Reptiles, Paris, fol., 1809, &c. (2) A. Smith, Illustrations of tJie Zoology of South Africa, London, 8vo, 1849. (3) W. Peters, Naturwissen- schaftliche Reise nach Mossambique Zoologie, iii., "Amphibien," Berlin, 1882, 4to. North America. (1)R. Harlan, American Herpetology, or Genera of the North American Reptilia, with a Synopsis of the Species, Philadelphia, 1827, 8vo. (2) J. E. Holbrook, North American Her- petology, or a Description of the Reptiles inhabiting the United States, 5 vols., with numerous col. plates, Philadelphia, 1836-43, 4to. (3) D. H. Storer, " Report on the Reptiles of Massachusetts," in Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., iii., 1841, pp. 1-65. (4) J. E. De Kay, Zoology of New York, vol. iii., "Reptiles and Amphibia," Albany, 1842, 4to. (5) S. F. Baird and S. Girard, Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, pt. i. "Serpents," Washington, 1853, 8vo. (6) Id., Reports upon Reptiles in Reports of Explorations for a Railroad from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean, Washington, 1859, 4to. (7) L. Agassiz, Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America, vol. ii., "North American Testudinata," Boston, 1857, 4to. (8) S. Garman, "On the Reptiles and Batrachians," Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. , Cambridge, 1883, 4to. (9) H. C. Yarrow, Check-List of the North American Reptiles and Batrachians, with Catalogue of the Specimens in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, 1883, 8vo. (10) E. D. Cope is the author of numerous memoirs and papers in the various North American periodicals. Tropical America. (1) Prince Maximilian von Wied, Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, Weimar, 1822-31, fol., and Beitrdge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, i. "Amphibien," Weimar, 1825, 8vo. (2) J. B. Spix, Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, Munich, 1824, fol.; Id., Ranae et Testudinis Brosiliensis species novae, Munich, 1825, fol.; Id., Animalia nova sive species novas Lacertarum quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis 1817-20, jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi L, Bavarian regis, suscepto collegit et descripsit, <kc., Munich, 1825, fol. (3) A. F. A. Wiegmann, Herpeto- logia mexicana, pars i., Saurorum species amplectens, Berlin, 1834, fol. (4) J. J. v. Tschudi, Untersuchungen uber die Fauna peruana auf einer Reise in Peru wahrend der Jahrc 1838-42, St Gall, 1846, fol. (5) Guichenot, in C. Gay's Historia fisica y politica de Chile, ii., "Reptiles," Paris, 1848, 8vo, atlas fol. (6) Cocteau and Bibron, in Ramon de la Sagra's Histoire physique, politique, et naturelle de Vile de Cuba Reptiles, Paris, text 8vo, atlas fol. (7) F. de Castelnau's Expedition dans Ics parties centrales de VAmerique du Sud Zoologie Reptiles, by A. Guichenot, Paris, 1855, 4to. (8) C. Girard, Reptiles (from Chili) in U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere, vol. ii., Washington, 1855, 4to. (9) S. F. Baird, U. S. Exploring Expedition, vol. xx., "Herpetology," Philadelphia, 1858, atlas fol. (10) Dumeril and Bocourt, Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans V Amerique Centrale Etudes sur les Re.ptiles et les Batraciens, Paris, 1870, 4to (in progress). (11) A. Giinther, in Salvin and Godman's Biologia Centrali- Americana Reptiles, London, 1885, 4to (in progress). (12) E. D. Cope, numerous papers in the various North American periodicals. Australia. (1) J. E. Gray and A. Giinther treat of the Lizards in Zoology of the Voyage of H. M.S. "Erebus " and " Terror," London, 1844, 1875, 4to. (2) G. Krefft, The Snakes of Australia, Sydney, 1869, 4to. (3) W. Peters and J. Doria, in Ann. Mus. Genov., xiri., 1878, Svo. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE CLASS REPTILIA. Reptiles are vertebrate animals, the skin of which is covered with horny or bony plates (scales or scutes). The heart has two auricles, but with the ventricular chamber generally incompletely divided ; two arterial trunks emerge from the right portion of the ventricle ; the blood of the arterial and venous systems mixes either in the heart or at the origin of the aortic arches. Respiration takes place by lungs, never by bronchias ; portions of the lungs are simple without minute subdivision of the cavity ; and the respira- XX. 56
