660 ROMANCE and Frederic de Sidle (1680) are a connecting link be- tween the romance of De Scudery and the modern his- torical novel. England. After the invention of printing England produced few original contributions to the literature of chivalric romance. There was a large number of translations of the old French works, and, in addition to these, a rich store of romantic ballads, which formed the customary literature of the people. The yeoman and the outlaw had succeeded the steel-clad knight in public favour. Robin Hood and his merry men appealed to a wider range of sympathies than did Arthur and his companions, and such tales as the Exploits of Robin Hood, Tom a Lincoln, George a Green the Finder of Wakefield, and Thomas of Reading retained their vogue in abbreviated shape as chapbooks down to the end of the 18th century. The stage monopolized the chief forces of imaginative narration during the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods, and the next specimen of a native romance is to be found in the Euphues (1579-80) of John Lyly, who drew largely from Spanish sources. Euphuism gave rise to the Philo- timus (1583) of Brian Melbanck, to Lodge's Rosalynde (1590), to Greene's Dorastus and Fawnia (1588), which was the foundation of Shakespeare's Winter's Tale, and to Philomela (1592) by the same writer. Sir Philip Sidney's The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, which appeared in 1590, after the author's death, is the most brilliant prose fiction in English of the century, and a genuine pastoral and heroic romance. We should not forget Parismus, Prince of Bohemia (1598), based upon Palmerin de Oliva, and Ornatus and Artesia (1607), both by Emanuel Ford ; Pheander, a Maiden Knight (1595), by Henry Roberts; and The Miseries of Malvillia (1606), by Breton. Such compilations as Painter's Palace of Pleasure (1566), Whet- stone's Heptameron (1582), Westward for Smelts (1620), and Goulart's Admirable Histories (1607) are composed of translations or imitations of Italian and French tales. Boccaccio, Giraldi Cinthio, Apuleius, Heliodorus, and Montemayor appeared in English in the latter half of the 16th century, and to the laborious Munday we owe ver- sions of Amadis (1592) and Palmerin of England (1602) through the French. In the 17th century La Calprenede, Scudery, Gombauld, and other romancists were translated, and Mrs. Behn, Lee, Lord Orrery, Settle, Banks, and Dryden adapted their works for the stage. Barclay's Argenis, a politico-heroic romance with characters repre- sentative of real and historical personages, first came out in Latin in 1622; Bishop Hall's Mundus alter et idem (1607) is an imitation of Rabelais. Eliana (1661) is a caricature of all the absurdities of the contemporary French school. The last of the English romances is the Parthenissa (1665) of Roger Boyle, earl of Orrery, which, although prolix and incongruous, has literary merit and a certain narrative interest. Other The last of the Spanish romances is Policisne de Boetia (1602) Euro- by Juan de Silva. 1 hey received their death-blow in Spain at the pean hands of Don Quixote in 1605, and even those of the greatest merit coun- and popularity almost entirely ceased to be reprinted after that tries. date. Although the pastoral romance of Diaiia (1560) by Monte- mayor does not really belong to the present subject, it should be mentioned as forming a distinct school of fiction with a family of successors scarcely less numerous than the lineage of Amadis. It was continued by Gil Polo, and in it, as in the Galatea (1584) of Cervantes, figure real persons and incidents. The earliest re- presentative of the picaresque tale is to be found in Lazarillo de Tonnes (1554). The heroic romance never became thoroughly naturalized in Portugal, and the narrative class chiefly found its way through Spain. The romancists Rodriguez Lobo, Eloi de Sa Sotomayor, and Pirea de Rebello may be mentioned. The Menina e Moqa (1554) of Bernardim Ribeiro is the earliest specimen of the pastoral style in the Portuguese language. Although the Pastoralia of Longus is to be considered as the remote prototype of the modern works, Arcadia (1502), the Italian poem of Sannazaro, undoubtedly influenced the Diana of Monte- mayor, and through it inspired the Arcadia of Sir Philip Sidney. A lew translations and weak imitations of foreign romances were printed in Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries, but novclle or short tales formed the staple of the national prose fiction during that period. French romance translations of Amadis in the 16th and the writings of Mademoiselle de Scudery and her compeers in the 17th century exercised a supreme influence in Germany, where the pastoral romance was represented by innumerable " Schafereien." Herkules iind Valisca (1659) of A. H. Bucholz is a specimen of the voluminous and tiresome heroic romance of the period. Simplicis- simus (1669) by Hans Jakob von Grimmelshausen, in which the hero traverses the scenes of the Thirty Years' War, is less a romance than the first national novel. C. W. Hagdorn's Acquan, odcr der grosse Mogul (1670) is an adaptation of La Calprenede's Cassandre, and E. W. Happel's Der insulanische Mandorell (1682) is a kind of foreshadowing of Robinson Crusoe. Two of the most admired fic- tions of the time were the Asiatische Banise (1688) of H. Anselm von Ziegler und Klipphausen and the Arminius und Thusnclda (1689) of D. K. von Lohenstein. Historical tales and love stories were the chief favourites at the end of the 17th and " Robin- sonadeji" or imitations of Defoe in the second quarter of the 18th century. In Holland the French heroic school was mirrored in the works of Johan van Heemskerk, Hendrik Zoeteboom, and Lainbertus Bos, published in the middle of the 17th century. GENERAL LITERATURE OF MEDIAEVAL ROMANCE. Modern critical editions of the chansons and romances invariably contain literary introductions. Most of these have been already referred to. For the general history of the subject, see [Bp. R. Hurd] Letters on Chivalry and Romance, 17(52 ; Clara Heeve, The Progress o/.Ro7Nanc,Colchester,1785, 2 vols.; J. Moore, "View of the Commence- ment and Progress of Romance (preface to Works of T. Smollett, 1797, 8 vols.) ; J. Ritson, " Diss. on Romances and Minstrelsy" (vol. i. of Ancient Metr. Rom., 1802, 3 vols.) ; W. J. Thorns, Coll. of Early English Prose Romances, London, 1828, 3 vols., new ed. 1858; T. Warton, "Origin of Romantic Fiction in Europe" (History of Eng. Poetry, London, 1840, 3 vols.) ; G. Ellis, Specimens of Early Eng. Metr. Romances, new ed. by Halliwell, 1848, fjvo ; J. Dunlop, History of Fiction, 1816, 3 vols., and London, 1845, roy. 8vo, still the best general history of the subject, and not very much improved in the German translation by F. Liebrecht, Berlin, 1851, roy. 8vo ; J. Nigroni, Diss. de lectione libb. amatoriontm, Louvain, 1624 ; Langlois (Fancan), Le tombeau des romans, 1626 ; P. D. Huet, De I'origine des romans, 1711; Histoire litteraire de la France, 1783-1881, 28 vols. 4to ; [N. Lenglet Dufresnoy], De I'usuge des romans, avec une bill, des romans, Amster- dam, 1734, 2 vols. 12mo, and L'histoire justijtee contre les romans, Amsterdam, 1735 ; [Jacquin], Entretiens sur les romans, 1755 ; [Boucher de la Richarderie], Lettre sur les romans, 1762 ; Lacurne de Ste Palaye, "Mem. concernant la lecture des anciens romans" (Hist, et Mem. de I'Acad. des Ivscr., vol. xyii.) ; J. Chapelain, De la lecture des vieux romans, ed. Feillet, 1870; Bibliotheqve universelle des romans, 1775-89, 112 vols. 12mo, containing analyses of most of the romances, over 40 vols. being edited by De Pauliny, the remainder by Le Grand d'Aussy, Tressan, &c., the new edition by Bastide (Paris, 1782, 4to) stopped in the middle of the third volume ; Nouvelle Bibliotheqve, 1798-U05, 56 vols. 12mo ; De Paulmy and Contant d'Orville, Melanges tires d'une grande bibliutheque, 1779-88, 69 vols. 8vo, Le Grand d'Aussy helped in this work, which contains many analyses and a bibliography ; Tressan, Corps d'extraits de romans de chevalerie, 1782, 4 vols. 12mo ; C. de Caylus, " Sur I'origine de 1'ancienne chevalerie et des anciens romans " (Hist, et Mem. de I'Acad. des Inscr., vol. xxiii.) ; L. Dutens, Tables gencalogiques des heros de romans, 1796, 4to ; J. Michelet, "Sur les epopees du Moyen Age " (in Rev. des D. M., July 1831) ; A. P. Paris, Reponse a M. Michelet, 1831 ; J. J. Ampere, Histoire litttraire de la Fmnce, 1839-40, 3 vols. ; A. Ch. Gidel, Etude sur la litterature grecque moderne et nos romans de chevaUrie, 1846; A. P. Paris, "Romans" (Lacroix, Le Moyen Age et la Re- naissance, vol. ii., 1849) ; E. du Meril, Potsies popvlaires latines anterieures au Xllesiecle, 1843 ; L. Gautier, Hist, des prases jvsqu'a la Jin du Xlle siecle, 1858 ; A. Maury, Croyanceset legendes de I'antiquite, 1S63 ; L. Molancl, Origineslitteraires de la France, 1863 ; A. Delvau, Coll. de romans de cheralerie, 1809, 4 vols. (abridg- ments) ; Fr. H. von der Hagen, Heldenbilder avs d. Sagenkreisen, Breslau, 1823, 3 vols. ; J. G. T. Graesse, Die grossen Sagenkreise des Mittelulters, Dresden, 1842, bibliographical and literary, but showing extraordinary industry and grasp of the materials; F. Diez, Altromanische ^prachde-nlmaler, Bonn, 1846; O. L. B. Wolff, Allg. Geschichte des Romans, Jena, 1850 ; F. W. Val. Schmidt, Les romans Storia ed Analisi degli Antichi Romanzi d'llalia, Milan, 1828-29, 4 vols. 8vo ; A. de Gubernatis, Storia della Letteratura (ix.-x., Romanzo), 2 vols. sm. 8vo, 1883 ; see also numerous articles in Jahrbiicher fur romanische u. eitgl. Lilteratur, Anglia, Revue Celtique, Romania, Revue des langues romanes, &c. ARTHURIAN CYCLE. Lady Ch. Guest, The Mabinogion, 1838-50, 3 vols. ; Th. Hersart de la Villemarque, Contes pop. de la Bretagne (1846, 2 vols.), Les Bardes Bretons (I860), Les Romans de la Table Ronde (1861), and Myrdhinn, ou I'En- chanteur Merlin (1862) ; San Marte [A. Schulz], Die Sagen ron Merlin (Halle, 1853), and Parceval-Studien (Berlin, 1861-62, 3 pts.) ; [F. Zambrinil, I'elF 11- histre Historia di Lancillotto del Lago, Bologna, 1862 ; " I.a Tavola Ritonda, o 1'Historia di Tristano" (Acad. Bologna, R. Com., 1863); E. F. Leith, Tie Legend of Tristan, 1868 ; A. P. Paris, Les romans de la Table Roi.de, 1868-77, 5 vols. ; Skene, Four Anc. Books of Wales, 1868, 2 vols. ; J. 8. Stuait Gltnnie, Arthurian Localities, 1869 ; F. G. Bergmann, The San Greal, 1870 ; G. E. R., The Story of Merlin and Vivien, [1879] ; E. F.-F. Hucher, Sur les representations de Tristan et d'Yseult dans les monuments, 1871, and Le Saint Oral, Le Mans, 1874-77, 3 vols.; W. B. Odgers, King Arthur and the Arthurian Romancts, [1872] ; A. Birch-Hirschfeld, Die Sage vom Graal, Leipsic, 1877 ; C. Domanig, Parciral- Studien, 1878 ; L. Kraussold, Die Sage vom Heil. Oral, 1878 ; E. Martin, Zur Grnlsage, 1880. CHARLEMAGNE CYCLE. J. C. v. Aretin, Aelteste Sage uber die Gcburt . . . Karlsd. Gr., Munich, 1803; L. Uhland, "Ueber das altfranzosische Epos" (in Fouque's Musen, 1812, pt. 3); F. W. Val. Schmidt, Ueber die itetlienischen Heldengedichte aus d. Sagenkreis Karls des Gr., Berlin, 1820 ; E. Aignan, Ro. mances tirees des anciennes hist, des IS Pairs (vol. iii. of Bibliolheque Etrangere, Paris, 1823) ; Romans des douze pairs de France, Paris, 1832-42, 9 vols. ; A. P. Paris, "Sur les romans des douze pairs " (pref. to Berte aux grans pies, 1832), I I
