FRANCE : J. B. M. A. Lacroix, Histoire de Vinfluence de 5. sur IK theatre franfais, Brussels, 1856, 8vo ; W. Reymond, Corneille, S., et Goethe, Berlin, 1864, Svo ; A. Schmidt, Voltaire's Verdienste urn. die Einfuhrung S., 1864, 4to.
XVII. SHAKESPEARE JUBILEES. Essay on the Jubilee at Stratford, 1769, Svo ; S.'s Garland, 1769, Svo, second edition 1826, Svo ; Concise Account of Garrick's Jubilee, 1769, and the Festivals qf 1827 and 1S30, 1830, 8vo ; Descriptive Account of the Second Gala, 1830, Svo ; K. F. Gutzkow, Fine S. Feier an der Ilm, Leipsic, 1S64, Svo ; P. H. A. Mobius, Die Deu.sche S. Feier, Leipsic, 1864, Svo ; Ter- centenary Celebration by the New England Historic-Genealogical Society at Boston, 1864, 8vo ; Official Programme at the Tercentenary Festival at Stratford, with Life, Guide, <bc., 1864, Svo.
XVIII. IRELAND CONTROVERSY. Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instruments under the Hand and Seal of W. S., 1795, imp. folio, 2d ed. 1796, Svo (W. H. Ireland's forgeries) ; Vortigern, an Historical Tragedy, 1796, sin. 8vo, 2d ed. 1832, 8vo (forgery) ; E. Malone, Inquiry into the Authenticity of Certain Papers and Legal Instruments, 1796, Svo; W. H. Ireland, Authentic Account of the'Shake- spearian MSS., 1796, Svo ; S. Ireland, Investigation of Mr Malone, 1797, Svo ; J. J. Eschenbnrg, Ueber den vorgeblichen Fund S.schen Handschriften, Leipsic, 1797, sm. Svo ; G. Chalmers, Apology for the Believers in the S. Paj>"i-s, c., 1797-1SOO, 3 pts. Svo ; [G. Hardinge], Chalmeriana, 1800, Svo ; W. H. Ireland, Confessions, 1805, sm. Svo, new edition, with introduction by R. G. White, 1S74, 12mo.
XIX. PAYNE COLLIER CONTROVERSY. J. P. Collier, Neio Facts regarding the Life of S., 1S35, Svo, New Particu- lars, 1836, Svo, Further Particulars, 1839, Svo, Reasons for a New Edition of S.'s Works, 1841, 2d ed. 1842, Svo, and Notes and Emendations to the Text (Shakespeare Society), 1852, 2d ed. 1853, Svo, translated into German by Dr Leo, 1853, also in J. Frese's Erganzungsband zu S.'s Dramen, 1853, Svo ; S. W. Singor, The Text of S. Vindicated, 1853, Svo (anti-Collier) ; J. O. Halliwell Phillipps, Curiosities of Modern Shakespearian Criticism, 1853, Svo (anti-Collier), Observations on the MS. Emendations, 1853, Svo (anti-Collier), and Observations on the Shakespearian Forgeries at Bridgewater House, 1853, 4to (anti-Collier) ; C. Knight, Old Lamps or New ? 1853, 12mo (pro-Collier) ; Rev. A. Dyce, A Few Notes on S., 1853, Svo ; N. Delius, Collier's alte handschr. Emendationen, Bonn, 1853, Svo (anti-Collier); F. A. Leo, Die Delius'sche Kritit, Berlin, 1853, Svo (pro- Collier); R. G. White, S.'s Scholar, 1854, Svo (anti-Collier) ; J. T. Mommsen, Der Perkins S., Berlin, 1854, Svo (anti-Collier) ; A. E. Brae, Literary Cookery, 1855, Svo (anti-Collier), and Collier, Coleridge, and S., 1860, Svo, disputes authenticity of following lectures ; S. T. Coleridge, Seven Lectures on S. and Milton, edited by J. P. Collier, 1856 ; Rev. A. Dyce, Strictures on Mr Collier's New Edition [1858], 1859, Svo (anti-Collier); C. M. Ingleby, The S. Fabrications, 1859, sm. Svo, and Complete View of the S. Controversy, 1861, with bibliography (anti-Collier) ; N. E. S. A. Hamilton, Inquiry into the Genuineness of the MS. Corrections, 1860, 4to (anti-Collier) ; Collier's Reply to Hamilton, 1860, Svo; Sir T. D. Hardy, Review of the Present State of the S. Controversy, I860, Svo ; J. P. Collier, Trilogy : Conversations, 1S74, 3 pts. 4to.
XX. SHAKESPEARE-BACON CONTROVERSY. J. C. Hart, The Romance of Yachting, N.Y., 1848, 12mo, first work con- taining doubt of Shakespeare's authorship ; W. H. Smith, Was Bacon the Author of S.'s Plays? 1856, Svo, extended as Bacon and S., 1857, 12mo (anti- Shakespeare); D. Bacon, The Philosophy of the Plays ofS. unfolded, 1857, Svo (anti-Shakespeare); N. Holmes, Authorship of S., 1866, new ed. 1886, 2 vols. 12rao (anti-Shakespeare); Bacon's Promus, edited by Mrs H. Pott, 1883, Svo (anti-Shakespeare); W. H. Wyman, Bibliography of the Bacon-S. Contro- versy, Cincinnati, 1884, Svo, 255 entries (of which 117 pro-Shakespeare, 73 anti-, and 65 unclassified).
XXI. BIBLIOGRAPHY. F. Meres, Palladis Tamia : . Witts Treasury, 1598, 12mo, contains the earliest list of Shakespeare's works ; J. Wilson, Shakespeariana, Catalogue of all the Books, &c., relating to S., 1827, sm. Svo ; W. T. Lowndes, S. and his Commentators, 1831, Svo, reprinted from the Manual ; J. 0. Halliwell Phillipps, Shakespeariana : Catalogue of Early Editions, Commentaries, <kc., 1841, Syo, Some Account of Antiq. Books, MSS., &c.. illust. of S., in his possession, 1852, 4to, illustrated, Garland of Shakespeariana, 1854, 4to, Early Editions of S., 1857, Svo (notices of 14 early quartos), Brief Hand List of Books, &c., illustrative of S., 1859, Svo, Skeleton Hand List of the Early Quartos, 1860, Svo, Hand List of Shakespeariana, 1862, Svo, List of Works Illustrative of S. 1867, Svo, Catalogue of the S. Library and Museum at Stratford-on-Avon, 1868, Svo, Hand List of Early Editions, 1867, Svo, Cata- logue of Warehouse Library, 1876, Svo, Brief Hand List of Selected Parcels, 1876, and Catalogue ofS. Study Books, 1876, Svo ; J. Moulin, Omtrekken eener algemeene Literatuur over W. S., Kampen, 1845, Svo (only part 2 published); S. Literatur in Deutschland, 1762-1851, by P. H., Cassel, 1852, sm. Svo; P. H. Sillig, Die S. Literatur bis Mitte ISlJlt, eingefiihrt v. H. Ulrici, Leipsic, 1854, Svo ; L[enox], S.'s Plays in Folio, 1861, 4to, bibliographical notice ; H. G. Bohn, Biography and Bibliography ofS., Philobiblon Soc., 1863, sm. Svo, bibliography with some additions from his edition of Lowndes; Shakespeareana: VerzeicAm'ss, Vienna, 1864, Svo ; F. Thimm, Shakespeariana from 156lt, 2d edition containing the literature to 1871, 1872, Svo, continued in Transactions of N. S. Soc. ; bibliographies of Hamlet, Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, may be found in H. H. Furness's New Variorum edition, Philadelphia, 1873, &c. ; Catalogue of the S. Memorial Library at the Cambridge Free Public Library, 1881. nearly all presented by H. T. Hall; S. A. Allibone, Shakespeare Bibliography (see his Dictionary, v. 2, 1870), based on Bohn with additional Americana ; A. Colin, S. Biblio- graphie, 1871, &c., contributed to S. Jahrbuch ; H. T. Hall, Shakespearian Statistics, new edition 1874, Svo; J. D. Mullins, Catalogue of the S. Memorial Library, Binninghain Free Libraries, 1872-6, 3 pts. Svo, a magnificent col- lection of 7000 vols. destroyed by fire in 1879, now fully replaced ; Katalog d. Bibliothek der Deutschcn S. Ges., Weimar, 1876, Svo ; K. Knortz, An American S. Bibliography, 1876, 12mo ; J. Winsor, Bibliography of the Original Quartos and Folios, Cambridge, U.S., 1876.' 4to (with facsimiles), and S.'x Poems, a Bibliography oj the Early Editions, 1879, Svo ; Catalogue of Works of, and relating to, W. S., Barton Coll., Boston Pub. Lib., by J. M. Hubbard, 1878-80, 2 vols. la. Svo, the largest collection in U.S. ; H. H. Morgan, A. Morgan, Topical Shakespeariana, arranged under Headings, St Louis, 1879, Svo ; Topical Index Shakespeareanas (sic) in Shakespeariana, 1885-6, pts. xv.-xxii., toor. as Digest Shakespearean^ (sic), pt. 1 (A-F), N.Y., 1886, Svo ; T. J. I. pold, S. Bibliography in the Netherlands, The Hague, 1879, sm. Svo ; L. Unflad, Die S. Literatur in Deutschland, 1880, Svo ; fl. T. Hall, The Separate Editions of S.'s Plays, with the Alterations by various Hands, 1880, Svo ; J. Jeremiah, Aid to Shakespearean Study, 1880, 8vo ; S. Timmins, Books on S., 1886, sm. Svo. (H. R. T.)
SHALLOT. See Horticulture, vol. xii. p. 288.
SHAMANISM is the name commonly given to the
type of religion which once prevailed among all the Ural-
Altaic peoples, Tungus, Mongol, and Turkish, and which
still lives in various parts of northern Asia in spite of the
progress of Mohammedanism, Buddhism, and Christianity.
The shaman himself (in Turkish, kam) is a wizard-priest,
closely akin to the medicine-men of savage tribes in other
parts of the world. Outsiders often describe Shamanism
as pure devil-worship, but in reality the shaman or kam
deals with good as well as with evil spirits, especially
with the good spirits of ancestors (cf. RELIGION, vol. xx.
p. 363). Among the Altaians, for example, the practices
of the sorcerers rest on an elaborate cosmogony and a
developed doctrine of good and evil powers, the friends
and enemies of man. The kam has the power of influen-
cing these by magic ritual, and his gift is hereditary, his
own ancestors, now good spirits, being the great assistants
of his work. His two chief functions are to perform sacri-
fice, with which is conjoined the procuring of oracles, and
to purify houses after a death, preventing the dead man
from continuing his injurious presence among the living ;
see the full accounts of Radloff, Aus Siberien, 1884, vol. ii.
In his magical apparatus a drum (tungiir) holds the chief
place. The ceremonies have a dramatic character, the
wizard acting an ascent to the heavens or a descent to the
under-world, and holding colloquy with their denizens in
scenes of great excitement ending in ecstasy and physical
collapse. The epithet of devil-worship as applied to the
Altaian Shamanism is so far justified that the great enemy
of man, Erlik, the king of the lower world, from whom
death and all evils come, is much courted, addressed as
father and guide, and propitiated with offerings. He is
not, however, a power co-ordinate with the highest good
god Kaira Kan, but is the creature of the latter, who
banished him underground for his evil deeds.
SHAMMAI, a Jewish rabbi, sometimes called fi?.$n,
"the elder," was the contemporary of HILLEL (q.v.) and
the head of a rival school. The pair are twelfth in order
in the Pirke Aboth, where we are informed that Shammai
enjoined his disciples to make a special business of the
study of the law, to promise little and perform much, and
to receive every one in a friendly spirit. Of his personal
history nothing is known. The tendency of Shammai
and his school is represented as having been towards a
more scrupulously and burdensomely literal construction
of the law than was thought necessary by Hillel; but
their differences so far as known turned upon very trifling
minutiae. One example of his rigour will suffice. It is
related of him in the Mishnah that a grandson having
been born to him during the feast of tabernacles he caused
the ceiling to be removed and the bed to be canopied with
branches, in order that the child also might observe the
solemnity according to the law.
SHAMOKIN, a post borough of the United States, in
Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, 20 miles south-
east of Sunbury, is a great centre of the coal-trade, and
had a population in 1881 of 8184.
SHANGHAI, a city of China. The native city of Shanghai is situated in 31° 15′ N. lat. and 121° 27′ E. long., and stands on the left or western bank of the Hwang-p'u river, about twelve miles from the point where that river empties itself into the estuary of the Yang-tsze-kiang. The walls which surround it are about 3 miles in circumference, and are pierced by seven gates. The streets and thoroughfares may be said to illustrate all the worse
