much altered by the architects engaged to carry on the work, and in particular by, Michel Angelo. Competent judges are strongly of opinion that Bramante s designs, if carried out, would have had a much greater effect than
those which were finally adopted.Bramante had a great influence in Italy. By his careful study of the ancient forms of art he became the real intro ducer of the so-called classical style. His own genius was bold and inventive, delighting in mass and breadth, but occasionally failing in the perfection of detail.
BRAMANTINO. See Suardi.
BRAMBÁNAN, a village in Java, notable for extensive and remarkable ruins of Hindu character. The place lies directly south of the great volcanic cone of Mir-Api (8640 feet) in the territory of the sultan of Yugya-karta (written by the Dutch Djokjo-karta), and 10 miles east of the capital, just on the border of the other native state called Surakarta or Solo.
The remains embrace six groups of temples, besides two buildings intended for residence, perhaps monastic. The most remarkable of the former is that called Ohandi Seivu, or " The Thousand Pagodas." The centre of the group is a large temple of cruciform plan, standing on a terraced basement, and surrounded by four (originally, perhaps, by five) concentric squares, formed by rows of small detached cells or temples, the whole area forming a square of up wards of 500 feet to the side. Statements differ as to the exact number of these cells, but a plan given by Baffles shows 238 as now standing. They are sculptured exter nally with mythological reliefs, each is crowned with a small dagoba of the usual Buddhistic pattern (i.e., very like the minor domes over the ^west portico of St Paul s), and probably all originally contained images of Buddha in the usual cross-legged attitude (of which a few still remain), whilst the central shrine contained, no doubt, a great image or images of Buddha also. Mr Fergusson thinks the group to be Jaina rather than Buddhist ; and this a closer examination of the images and their symbols alone can decide. But similar series of shrines, clustered round a central pagoda, are found in Buddhist Pegu. There is a professed restoration of the central temple of Chahdi Sewu in Raffles s History ; but the details of this plate (pi. 40) are not to be relied on.
Another Buddhist edifice, single but more perfect, is known by the name of Chandi Kali Baneng. This also is cruciform ; it stands on a boldly moulded basement, and the external decoration exhibits pilasters richly carved in scroll-work, and massive double cornices. Small Buddhas in niches remain, but the great figure which must have occupied the interior has disappeared.
A third group of temples, once, probably, the most important, is known as Lara Jongran. These are so ruined that at a short distance they present the aspect of vast and shapeless cairns of stone. One of them contains in three upper cells fine figures of purely Hindu and Brahmauical character. To the north is Durga (here in the character of a strong but beneficent power) slaying the demon Mahishasura, precisely the same subject that is to be found in Moor s Hindu Pantheon, pi. 35. This is the Lara or Virgin, who gives the popular name to the group of temples. To the west is the elephant-headed Ganesha, and to the south a fine Jove-like Siva, bearded and trident-bearing. Offerings are sometimes made to these images by the peasantry, in spile of the universal Mahometan profession.
The name of the place is said by Friedrich to be pro perly Parambdnan, and to mean probably " the Place of Teachers." The whole of the temples are alleged, in tra ditional rhymes, to have been erected between 1266 and 1296 A.D. But the chronology a;id history of the older Javanese remains is still very obscure, and probably the date of some of the Brambdnan temples must be carried much farther back. The destruction of the last-described group must have been the work of earthquake, and we must suppose the date of the other buildings to be subse quent to the destruction. Some general points worthy of note in regard to these buildings are the following:—
(1.) They are all built of liewn stones without the use of any cement.
(2.) There are distinct traces showing that the exterior and interior of the buildings were once covered with a fine coat of stucco, not excepting the most elaborate sculpture in scroll-work, &c. "We know that the sculptured cave-walls of Ellora, the great idols at Bamian, and the Doric order at Selinus were similarly coated ; and probably in all these cases the stucco was intended to bear colour or gilding.
(3.) No real arch exists in these buildings. The vaults and doorways are covered by the corbelling, or stepped projection, of the horizontal courses. Mr Crawfurd makes a contrary statement, but that historian, usually so trustworthy, was certainly mistaken on this point.
(4.) Many of the peculiarities of this architecture, both in general plan and in ornamental details, indicate a close relation to the mediaeval styles of Burmah and Camboja ; and points almost necessarily to an original common type in India, a type which as yet we cannot trace satisfactorily. In this lies a problem of interest, which the accumulation of photographs will perhaps allow of bcin worked out. It is notable, however, that in^the Burmese mediaeval brick buildings of analogous character the true arch is used pro fusely. (Chiefly from the notes of a visit to JBrambdnan ly the writer.)
BRANDE, William Thomas, chemist, was born at London in 1788. After leaving Westminster school he spent some time on the Continent, and acquired a know ledge of French and German. On his return he began the study of medicine, and in 1806 a communication of his to the Royal Society was printed in their Transactions. In 1809 he was made a fellow of the Royal Society, and became assistant to Sir Humphrey Davy at the Royal In stitution. He succeeded Davy in the chair of chemistry in 1813, and in the same year received the Copley medal of the Royal Society. From 1816 to 1836 he was joint editor with Faraday of the Quarterly Journal of Science and Art. In 1825 he was made superintendent of the die department in the Mint, and in 1853 he received the honorary degree of D.C.L. of Oxford. He died on the 1 1th February 1866. Besides numerous papers, which marked him out as one of the most vigorous and able chemists of the day, Brande was the author of several important works. The Manual of Chemistry, 1819, and Elements of Chemistry, 1831, were the best works of the time, and soon became popular. He also published a Dictionary of Materia Medico, in 1839, and a Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art in 1842. The latter is an exceedingly able and valuable work of reference ; a new edition of it has recently appeared under the editorship of Mr G. W. Cox, 1875. Brande was the author of the third of the Dissertations (that on the progress of Chemical philosophy) prefixed to the supplement of the fourth edition of the En cyclopedia, Britannica.
Prussia, and the division from which that powerful mon archy originally sprung. It lies between 51 and 53 34 N. lat. and 11 25 and 16 10 E. long., and is bounded on the N. by Mecklenburg and the province of Pomerania, E. by Posen and Silesia, S. by Silesia and the kingdom and province of Saxony, and W. by Anhalt and the pro vinces of Saxony and Hanover. It has an area of 15,403 square miles, and is divided into the two governments of Potsdam and Frankfort, the capital, Berlin, forming a sepa rate jurisdiction. The province is a sandy plain interspersed with numerous fertile districts and considerable stretches of woodland. Its barrenness was formerly much exaggerated,
and it was popularly described as the sandbox of the Holy