the cathedral built by the Crusaders, an old fortress on the site, it is supposed, of Herod s " Drusus tower," two aqueducts, and a variety of minor structures. The line of the walls of the mediaeval town can still be made out, and in some parts that of the more extensive Roman works. The southern part of the mole is also intact. Caesarea was made the seat of a colony by Vespasian, and took for a time the titla of Flavia, but its earlier name was maintained to the time of its complete decay. In the 4th century it was the see of Eusebius, the church historian, and during the
crusading period was one of the chief posts of the invaders.
II. Cæsarea Philippi, 95 miles north of Jerusalem, and abjut 35 south-west of Damascus, situated at the southern base of Mount Herinon, near one of the sources of tho Jordan. It has been identified with Baalgad or Beth-Rehob. and was certainly known for a long time as Panium or Panias, the cave at the foot of the mountain being dedicated to Pan. Herod erected a temple to Augustas in the neighbourhood ; and the town was much enlarged and beautified by Philip the Tetrarch, who named it Cajsarea in honour of Tiberius the emperor, adding the cognomen of Philippi to distinguish it from the town last noticed. It continued to be a place of some importance till after the time of the Crusades, and was successively the seat of a Greek and a Latin bishopric. Its site is occupied by the modern Banias or Panias, a paltry and insignificant village, with numerous ruins in the vicinity. On the top of a conical hill above the village stands the castle of Subeibeh, which possibly dates from the time of the Phoenicians, and has been one of the most remarkable fortresses in Palestine from that day to this.
CÆSAREA, or Kaisarieh, a city in Asiatic Turkey, formerly one of the most important places in Cappadocia, and at present the chief town of a sanjak in the province of Karaman, situated on the Kara-su, between two spurs of the Mons Argseus, in 33 42 N. lat. and 35 20 E. long. It is the seat of an Armenian bishop, and the commercial centre of an extensive and highly populous district ; its markets are well supplied with European goods, and its inhabitants noted for their enterprise. Its principal manufactures are cotton and morocco leather. Recently it has become the scene of a considerable Protestant move ment, and a girls school, the first in the city, has been established. The ruins of an earlier Mahometan town are immediately contiguous, and a little to the south are the ruins of the ancient city. The latter was known originally as Mazaca, and afterwards as Eusebia; and only received its present name from the Emperor Tiberius. It was for a time the seat of the Cappadocian kings ; but it suffered greatly at the hands of Tigranes, who carried off its inhabi tants to his new city of Tigranocerta Under the later Roman empire it recovered to such an extent that it was supposed to contain 400,000 inhabitants when it was cap tured by Sapor in the reign of Valerian. The present population, of which about two-thirds are Turks and the rest mainly Armenians and Greeks, is estimated at about 10,000.
CAGLI (the ancient Calles), a walled town of Italy, in the province of Pesaro e Urbino, at the confluence of the C antiario and Busso, the former of which is crossed there by an ancient Roman bridge It is the seat of a bishop, and has a cathedral and several churches and monasteries. in one of which, Santo Domenico, is preserved a famous fresco by Giovanni Sauti, the father of Raffaelle. The principal occupation of the town is the manufacture of leather. Population 10,213.
CAGLIARI, the capital of the island of Sardinia, and chief town of ita southern province, is situated in the recess of tho bay to which it gives its name, not far from the mouth of the River Mulargia, in 39 33 1 4" N. lat. and 9 7 48" E. long. It has a splendid appearance from the sea, occupying as it does the slope and summit of a hill, which is crowned by a noble castle. This building gives the name of Castello, or, in Sardinian, Casteddu, to the district containing the vice-regal palace, the cathedral, the university, the theatre, the chief mansions of the nobility, and the public seminaries. To the west of the Castello lies the district of Stampace, with the Corso, and to the east that of Villanuova with its pleasant promenades, both consisting for the most part of narrow, irregular, and ill- paved streets, but the former inhabited by the wealthier citizens. The slope between the castle and the bay is occupied by the Marina, a well-built quarter, containing the residences of the merchants and consuls, the bonded warehouses, and the lazaretto ; while to the west of the town is the spacious suburb of St Avandracc, nearly a mile in length. The university, which possesses the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, and arts, was founded in 1596 by Philip of Spain, was restored in 1720, and was remodelled in 1764. It has a library of upwards of 22,000 volumes, and numbers from 100 to 200 students. Besides the cathedral, which was built by the Pisans during the 14th century (though the present front only dates from 1703), Cagliari contains about thirty churches and twenty convents, of which the Capuchin monastery is interesting for remains of Roman reservoirs. There is a considerable museum both of antiquities and natural history, as well as a recently erected observatory ; and the benevolent institu tions comprise an orphanage, and a large civil hospital, under the superintendence of a medical board and the sisters of mercy, with a separate wing set apart for tho accommodation of lunatic patients. There are also in the town a mint, an extensive custom-house, and barracks. Cagliari is the see of an archbishop, and the seat of the Sardinian Cortes, and of the judicial court for the southern division of the island. The bay, formed by the projection of Cape Carbonara and Cape Pula, and stretching inland for a distance of 12 miles, with an extreme width of 24 miles, contributes greatly to the commercial importance of the city ; and the harbour, situated at the south angle of the wall of the Marina quarter, is one of the safest in the Mediterranean, being well sheltered from every wind except the south. Frequent proposals have been made to extend the area by the construction of a breakwater, but this has not as yet been effected. Cagliari is the chief port of Sardinia, and possesses by far the greatest part of the export trade, which principally consists of corn, fruits, oil, wine, cork, lead, and a few native manufactures. Most important of the last class is salt, procured, at the rate of 683,000 quintals per annum, from the salt-pans to the west of the town. In 1873 the total value of exports from the province, most of which pass through the port, was 519,234; while the imports of the same year were of the value of 368,028. There is regular steam com munication with Naples, Leghorn, and Genoa, as well as less frequently with other ports. The railway from Cagliari to Igbsias, a distance of 33/ miles, opens up the most important lead mines at present in operation, and a line of 58/ miles leads to Oristano. There is a submarine telegraph to Malta and another to Bone in Algeria. The climate of the town, in spite of the proximity of the salt swamp already mentioned, is excellent ; and water, the want of which was formerly severely felt, is now supplied by an English company. Population in 1871, 33,039.
The modern city occupies the site of the ancient Carales or Garalis, which was founded by the Carthaginians, and passed into the hands of the Romans after the first Punic war. Of the buildings erected by the latter people there are several extensive remains, those of an amphitheatre "cut out in great part from the rock, a large aque duct, a circular temple, &c. ; while in the suburb of St Avandrace are
