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of Italy, being bounded on the N. by the province of Basilicata, on the E. by the Gulf of Taranto, on the W. by the Tyrrhenian Sea, and on the S. by the Ionian. It extends from Cape Spartivento (37 f>G N. lat.) to Monte

Pollino on the southern border of Basilicata (40 N. lat.)

The territory is well watered, and exceedingly rugged and mountainous ; but the summits of the hills are covered with extensive forests of oak, beech, elm, and pine, and towards the coast the branches of the Apennines open up into fertile valleys. Earthquakes and violent storms are very common ; and there is extreme heat during the summer season, on the approach of which the wealthier inhabitants migrate annually to the lofty table-land of La Sila, where their flocks are fattened in the extensive pastures. The agriculture of Calabria is in a very rude and barbarous condition, a circumstance which is partly attributable to the extreme fertility of the soil. The principal productions are corn, wine, raw silk, olive oil of an inferior quality, cotton, rice, liquorice, and saffron. Manna, collected from the manna-ash (Ornus rotundifolia), was at one time a somewhat important article of com merce ; but very little is now collected. Oranges, lemons, figs, mulberries, honey, and tobacco are also produced. The horses of Calabria are remarkable for their high spirit and compact form. There are considerable fisheries of the tunny, the swordfish, the anchovy, and mullet.

The three provinces into which Calabria is now divided are Calabria Citeriore, Calabria Ulteriore Seconda, and Calabria Ulteriore Prima.

Calabria Citeriore, or Cosenza, is the most northern of the three provinces, and has an area of 2613 square miles, with a population in 1871 of 440,468. The southern and central districts are covered by the vast forests of La Sila, which furnished timber for the navies of antiquity. The principal rivers are the Crati, which after a course of GO miles falls into the Gulf of Taranto, and the Neto, which rises in the heart of La Sila, and falls into the Adriatic. The principal towns are Cosenza, Rossano, Paola, and Castrovillari.

Calabria Ulteriore Seconda, or Catanzaro, on the south of Calabria Citra, having a coast line from the Punta dell Alice to the Callipari on the east, and from the Savuto to the mouth of the Messina on the west, has an area of 2100 square miles. Population (1871) 412,226. At Catanzaro is a manufactory of silk ; at Maida there are some seams of coal, antimony, and alabaster, which might be made available for exports. The principal towns are Catanzaro, Cotrone, Nicastro, and Monteieone.

Calabria Ulteriore Prima, or Reggio, the most southerly province of Italy, contains an area of 1250 square miles, with a population (1871) of 353,608. On the northern frontier are the mines of Lo Stilo, from which the iron is obtained for the Government foundries. The principal towns are Reggio, Gerace, and Palmi. A railway line now runs from Reggio to Taranto, along the coast of the Ionian Sea and the Gulf of Taranto.

CALAHORRA, the capital of the judicial district and diocese of the same name, in the province of Logrono, Spain, 24 miles S.E. of Logrono, in 42 12 N. lat., 2V W. long. It occupies an elevated site on the left bank of the River Cidacos, near its junction with the Ebro, and contains a cathedral in the mixed Gothic style, dating mainly from the 15th century, an episcopal palace, and several con ventual and other schools. The climate is cold and damp, but the soil in the neighbourhood produces in abundance grain, pulse, flax, wine, and oil. Population in 1860, 7106. Calahorra is the ancient Calagurris Nassic.a, celebrated for its extraordinary fidelity to Sertorius in his war with Pompey and Metellus ; and in the suburbs may still be traced the remains of an ancient Roman circus, an aqueduct, and a naumachia. Under the empire it was a municipium, and enjoyed the rights of Roman citizenship. It was* the birthplace of Quintilian.

Plan of Calais.

6. Bathing establishment. 6. Lighthouse. 7. Hotel de Ville de St Pierre Ics Calais. 1. Church of Notre-Dame. 2. Church of the Courgain. a. Hotel de Ville and Place de I Arme e. 4. Museum and Theatre

CALAIS, a town of .France, capital of a canton of the

same name, in the ammdissement of Boulogne and the department of Pas de Calais, 26 miles E.S.E. of Dover, and 185 miles by rail from Paris, in 50 57 45" N. lat., 1 51 E. long. Calais is a fortress of the first class, and was formerly a place of great strength, but it would now probably not be able to defend itself long against modern artillery. It is built in a rectangular form, having one of its longer sides towards the sea, while on the E. and S. it is surrounded by low and marshy ground which can be flooded to strengthen its defences. Overlooking the town on the W. is the citadel, erected in 1641 by Cardinal Richelieu. In the centre of the town is the great market place, in which stands the Hotel de Ville (rebuilt in 1740, restored in 1867), with busts of Eustache de St Pierre, the Due de Guise, and Cardinal Richelieu. Near the Hotel de "Ville is the Tour du guet, or watch-tower, used as a lighthouse until 1848. The Church of Notre Dame was almost entirely rebuilt at the end of the 15th century, during the English occupancy of Calais ; its lofty tower serves as a landmark for sailors. At the end of the Rue de la Prison is the Hotel de Guise, built as a guildhall for the English woolstaplers. It was given to the Due de Guise as a reward for the recapture of Calais, and hence its name. The building which was formerly the Hotel Dessin, immortalized by Sterne in the Sentimental Journey, is now used as a museum. The harbour of Calais is shal low, admitting vessels of from 400 to 500 tons only at high water. The French Government contemplates the con struction of a large harbour of refuge near Calais. There are two lighthouses at the entrance to the harbour, and a still larger one on the fortifications, with a revolving light visible 20 miles off. The principal institutions are the schools of design, hydrography, and artillery, a public library with 10,000 volumes, and public baths. The im ports are chiefly from Great Britain, and consist of coal, iron, woollen and cotton fabrics, linen, skins, machinery, and colonial produce. Of late years the importation of timber