several years Carlstadt led a quiet, retired life, engaged in farming and commerce. But Le grew weary of this enforced suppression of his eager life and longings, and, allying himself with some of the fanatical teachers, he once more attacked Luther. The controversy, in which Zwingli took part in support of the views of Carlstadt on the Supper, grew fiercer than ever ; and Carlstadt, the permission for his return to Saxony being now revoked, made his escape into Friesland. Thence he passed into Switzerland, where, through Zwingli s influence, he was named first a deacon in the church of Zurich and then pastor at Altstetten. He afterwards returned to Zurich as archdeacon, and preached there with much success. In 1534 he settled as pastor and professor of theology at Basel, and this post he occupied till his death. To his exemplary Christian character and life at Basel testimony is borne by Grymeus in a letter to Pitiscus, chaplain of the Elector Palatine. As Carlstadt was the first to assert several of the leading principles of Protestantism, so was he also the first to write against celibacy, and the first Protestant divine to take a wife. His writings, which were almost exclusively polemical, have fallen into oblivion. He died at Basel, December
24, 1541.CARLUKE, a burgh of barony, in the county of Lanark, Scotland, situated near the right bank of the Clyde, 5 miles north-west of Lanark. Its inhabitants (3423) are principally engaged in cotton-spinning, and in the extensive coal, iron, and lime works in the vicinity.
CARLYLE, Joseph Dacre (1759-1804), a celebrated Orientalist, was born in 1759 at Carlisle, where his father was a physician. Having completed his education at the grammar-school, he went in 1775 to Cambridge, was elected a fellow of Queen s College in 1779, and in 1783 took a master s degree. During his stay at college, with the assistance of a native of Baghdad then resident at Cambridge, he had attained great proficiency in Arabic literature ; and after succeeding Dr Paley in the chancellor ship of Carlisle, he was appointed, in 1794, professor of Arabic in the university of Cambridge. Two years before his appointment he published his translation of the History of Egypt written by Maured Allatafet Jemalledin, known in the East as the historiographer of Egypt ; and two years after his election to the professorship, a volume of Specimens of Arabic Poetry, from the earliest times to the extinction of the khalifs, with some account of the authors. Having been appointed chaplain by Lord Elgin to the embassy at Constantinople, he prosecuted his researches in Eastern literature, and made a lengthened tour through Asia Minor, Palestine, Greece, and Italy, collecting in his travels several valuable Greek and Syriuc MSS. for a projected critical edition of the New Testament, collated with the Syriae and other versions a work, however, which he did not live to complete. On his return he was presented by the bishop of Carlisle to the living of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he died in 1804. After his death there appeared a volume of poems, descriptive of the scenes of his travels, with prefaces extracted from his journal. Among other valuable works which he left unfinished was a half-corrected edition of the Bible in Arabic.
CARMAGNOLA, a town of Italy, near the right bank of the Po, in the province of Turin, and 16 miles by rail to the south of that city. It was formerly fortified, and the older portion is still surrounded with walls, while a fragment of its ancient castle is preserved in the form of a tower to the church of San Filippo. It contains five parish churches, several convents, and a hospital. A considerable trade is carried on, especially at the fair in June, in silk, flax, hemp, and cattle. Population in 1869, 12,799. Carmagnola, during the Middle Ages, belonged to the marquises of Saluzzo, and formed one of their frontier towns. In the 16th century it was fortified by the French, but it fell into the hands of the Savoyards in 1588, and was assigned to them at the peace of 1601. On its capture in 1792 by the army of the Revolution, its name became famous as the title of a republican dancing-song which finished every verse with the refrain Dansons la Carmagnole, Vive le son du canon. The word thus introduced to popularity was soon applied to a vest of common stuff and peculiar shape, which was recognized as the sign of a true Republican ; and not long after it was jocularly used to designate the exaggerated reports that were published of the victories of the patriot army.
CARMAGNOLA, Francesco Bussone, Count of (1390-1432), one of the most celebrated Condottieri of the early part of the 15th century, was born at Carmagnola in 1390. He was first in the service of Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, who raised him to the rank of count and made him governor of Genoa. Having, however, lost Yisconti s favour, Carmagnola became general of the Venetian army, wrested Brescia from the hands of his old master, and inflicted a severe defeat upon him at Maclodio (1427). But in 1431, having failed to prevent the defeat of the Venetian fleet, and having been unsuccessful in an attempt to surprise Cremona, he incurred the suspicion of the senate, who, not daring to show their disapproval while he was surrounded by his soldiers, lured him to Venice, and there tortured and beheaded him (1432).
CARMARTHEN, County of, or Carmarthenshire (Welsh Caerfyrddin), a county in South Wales, bounded on the N. by Cardigan, on the E. by Brecon and Glamorgan, on the S. by Carmarthen Bay, an inlet of the Bristol Channel, and on the W. by Pembroke. Its greatest length is, from S.W. to N.E., about 40 miles ; its greatest breadth, S.E. to N.W., about 24 miles. It possesses an area of 947 square miles, or 606,172 acres (of which about 95,600 are occupied by commons and waste land), and is thus the largest of all the Welsh counties. It contains 5 hundreds and 97 parishes, and is in the diocese of St David s.
The whole of the northern, and by far the largest, portion of Carmarthenshire is chiefly occupied by the Silurian geological formation. To the south of this, and crossing the county in a direction from S.W. to N.E., there stretches a belt of the Old Red Sandstone, varying in width from 1 1 to 4 or 5 miles. This is succeeded on its southern edge by narrow belts of the carboniferous limestone, and the mill stone grit ; south of which the whole remaining portion of the county is occupied by the coal measures, forming part of the great South Wales coalfield.
In the south-east adjoining the border of Breconshire, there is a range of bleak and somewhat lofty mountains, called the Mynydd Du or Black Mountains, where the Carmarthenshire Van rears its lofty summit about 2600 feet high. The rest of the county is thickly studded with rounded green hills, few of which exceed 1000 feet in height, and is intersected by valleys and glens, many of them presenting scenes of great beauty and interest.
The principal river is the Towy, with its tributaries the Gwili and Cothi, which drains the central basin of the county, and enters the sea in Carmarthen Bay immediately to the east of the river Taf. The latter stream, with its numerous affluents, drains the western portion of the county ; while in the north, the Teifi separates Cardigan from Carmarthenshire. The Llwchwr, springing from the Black Mountains, separates in its lower course Glamorgan from this county.
the county ; but the annual fall of rain is very great, amounting at Carmarthen in 1875 to nc less than 60 87
inches. Agriculture is generally not hi a very forward