Cattack, the most important town in the above district, and the capital of the province, is situated in 20 28 N. lat. and 85 55 E. long, on the tongue of land where the Mahanadf first bifurcates, throwing off the Katjurf on its southern and the Binipa on its northern bank. Cattack city formed one of the five royal strongholds of ancient Orissa, and was founded by a warlike prince who reigned from 953 to 961. Its native kings protected it from the rivers by a masonry embankment several miles long, built of enormous blocks of hewn stone, and in some places 25 feet high. A fortress defended the north-west corner of the town, and was captiiFed by the English from the Mar- hattas in October 1803. It is now abandoned as a place of defence. The city has long been the commercial and administrative headquarters of Orissa ; it is connected with False Point harbour by the KenclrApard Canal. The High Level Canal, at present in course of construction, will open out inland communication between it and Cal cutta. In 1825 the town contained 6512 houses, and a population of about 40,000. Population in 1872, 50,878, viz., Hindus, 40,849 ; Muhammadans, 7436 ; Christians, 1968; others, 625.
CATTARO, the chief town of a circle in the Austrian kingdom of Dalmatia, situated on a narrow ledge between the mountains of Montenegro and the Bocca di Cattaro, a winding and beautiful inlet of the Adriatic. It is strongly fortified towards both the sea and land, towards the sea by the fortress of Castelnuovo, at the mouth of the gulf, and towards land more especially by the Castle of San Giovanni on the heights ; the long lines of wall from this castle to the town form a striking feature in the landscape. The town is the seat of a Catholic bishop, and contains a small cathedral, a Catholic collegiate church, and several convents ; but the population is largely Slavonic, and the Greek Church is almost on a level with the Latin. The trade is comparatively restricted, and but little advantage is taken of the gulf exceptfor thefisheries. The principal article of export is dried flesh or castradina. Population, 3600.
Cattaro is probably to be identified with the Roman Ascrivium (or Askroiirion) ; but it does not appear under anything like its present name till the 10th century, when it is described by Constantinus Porphyrogenitus as Dekatera. In the reign of Basil the Macedo nian (867-886) it was captured by the Saracens ; but it afterwards maintained itself as a more or less independent republic till 1419, when from fear of the Turks it accepted the protection and dominion of Venice. In the following centuries it was several times besieged by the enemies of Venice ; and in 1563 and 1667 it was nearly destroyed by earthquakes. By the peace of Campo-Formio it passed to Austria ; but in 1805, by the peace of Presburg, it was assigned to Italy, and in 1810 it united with the French empire. Its restora tion to Austria did not take place till 1814. See Tozer, Highlands of Turkey, 1869 ; Saturday Review, March 1876.
CATTERMOLE, George (1800-1868), an English painter, chiefly in water-colours, was born at Dickleburgh, near Diss, Norfolk, in August 1800. At the age of sixteen he began working as an architectural and topographical draughtsman ; afterwards he contributed designs to be engraved in the annuals then so fashionable and popular; thence he progressed into water-colour painting, becoming an associate of the "Water-Colour Society in 1822, and a full member in 1833. In 1851 he withdrew from active con nection with this society, and with the practice of water- colour painting, and took to oil-colouring. His most fertile p3riod was between 1833 and 1851, In 1855, as an exhibitor in the British Fine Art section of the Great Exhibition in Paris (water-colour branch), he received one of the five first-class gold medals awarded to British painters. He also enjoyed professional honours in Amsterdam and in Belgium. He died on the 24th July 1868. Among his leading works are The Murder of the Bishop of Liege (15th century), The Armourer relating the Story of the Sword, The Assassination of the Regent Murray by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, and (in oil) A Terrible Secret. He was largely employed by publishers, illustrating the Waverley Novels and the Historical Annual of his brother the Rev. Richard Cattermole (his scenes from the wars of Cavaliers and Roundheads in this series are among his best engraved works), and many other volumes besides. He is stated to have been " unsettled in his habits, and uncertain in engagements." Cattermole was a painter of no inconsider able gifts, and of great facility in picturesque resource ; he was defective in solidity of form and texture, and in realism or richness of colour. He excelled in rendering scenes of chivalry, of medievalism, and generally of tho romantic aspects of the past. Indeed, his faculty in this way might almost be compared though on a considerably lower level, and with less of the spell of originality to that of Walter Scott. Just as Scott was fading from the region of mediaeval romanticism in letters, Cattermole entered upon it in fine art.
CATTI, or Chatti, a powerful and warlike German nation, who, though defeated by Drusus, Germanicus, and other Roman generals, were never wholly subjugated, till in the 4th century they disappeared among the Franks. They inhabited a district extending from the Weser on the E. to the Rhine on the W., and bounded on the S. by the Agri Decumates. They thus occupied about the same position as the modern Hesse though their territory was more ex tensive, and included also part of North-Western Bavaria, and the name Hesse is probably the same as Chatli. They lived in a communistic society, but possessed several towns, of which the chief was Mattium, now Maden.
domesticated animals belonging to the genus Bos, known also as Oxeu, They have been divided into two primary groups, the humped cattle or zebus (Dos indicus) of India and Africa, and the straight-backed cattle (Bos taurus), which are common everywhere. By many naturalists these groups havs been regarded as mere races of the same species, and it is a well-ascertained fact that the offspring arising from the crossing of the humped and unhumped cattle are completely fertile ; but the differences in their osteology, configuration, voice, and habits are such as to leave little doubt of their specific distinctness. Oxen appear to have been among the earliest of domesticated animals, as they undoubtedly were among the most important agents in the growth of early civilization. They are mentioned in the oldest written records of the Hebrew and Hindu peoples, and are figured on Egyptian monuments raised 2000 years before the Christian era ; while the remains of domesticated specimens have been found in the Swiss lake-dwellings along with the stone implements and other records of Neolithic man. In infant communities an individual s wealth was measured by the number and size of his herds Abram, it is said, was rich in cattle ; and oxen for a long period formed, as they still do among many Central African tribes, the favourite medium of exchange between nations. After the introduction of a metal coinage into ancient Greece, the former method of exchange was commemorated by stamping the image of an ox on the new money ; while the same custom has left its mark on the languages of Europe, as is seen in the Latin word "pecunia" and the English " pecuniary," derived from " pecus," cattle. The value attached to cattle in ancient times is further shown by the Bull figuring among the signs of the zodiac ; in its worship by the ancient Egyptians under the title of Apis ; in ths veneration which has always been paid to it by the Hindus, according to whose sacred legends it was the first animal created by the three divinities who wero directed by the supreme Deity to furnish the earth with animated beings; and in the important part it was made to play in Greek and Roman ^mythology. The Hindus
were not allowed to shed the blood of the ox, and the