des Mittdalters ; Cousin, Abelard ; Histoire Litteraire de la
France (vol. vii. p. 90, aad vol. x. p. 307).CHAMPLAIN, a considerable lake of North America, lying between the States of New York and Vermont, ani penetrating for a few miles into Canada. It is 126 miles in length, and from 1 to 15 in breadth, lying nearly north and south, and contains a great number of small islands, most of which belong to Vermont. The Champlain canal, 3 miles in length, connects it with the Hudson ; the Sorel, Richelieu, or St John s River forms a natural outlet towards the St Lawrence, and the Chambly canal communicates with the ocean. The lake owes its name to Samuel Champlain the French explorer, by whom it was dis covered about 1608; and during the War of 1812-1815 it was rendered famous by the defeat of the English fleet in the engagement of September 11, 1814. Large steam boats and vessels of considerable tonnage navigate Lake Champlain from en:l to end. The .scenery along its shores is highly picturesque, and its waters abound in salmon, salmon-trout, sturgeon, and other fish.
CHAMPLAIN, Samuel de (1567-1635), the governor of the first French settlers in Lower Canada, was born at Brouage, in 1567. His father was a sea-captain, and probably he was already skilled in navigation when, while still young, he entered the army of Henry IV. On the conclusion of the war he accompanied a Spanish fleet to Mexico and the "Yest Indies, and on his return wrote an account of the expedition. In 1603, he made his first voyage to Canada, being sent out by De Chastes, on whom the king had bestowed some territory in that country. During 1604-1607 he was engaged, together with De Monts, to whom De Chastes s privileges had been trans ferred, in exploring the Canadian coast, in seeking a site for a new settlement, and in making surveys and maps. In 1608 he made his third voyage; and in this year he commenced the formation of a settlement at Quebec. But De Monts s influence was now waning; he had been deprived of some of his privileges; and the merchants who had ventured in the affair were losing heart. Under these circumstances Champlain prevailed upon the Due de Soissous to interest himself in the matter, and to seek the post of Governor and Lieutenant-General of New France. Under him, and under his successor the duke of Conde, Champlain held the office of lieutenant, which made him in reality governor of the colony. Owing, however, to quarrels with the Indians, the settlement seemed likely to fail ; but, under the viceroyalty of the Due de Montmorenci, and still more under that of the Due de Ventadour, it began to flourish. In 1629 it met with a reverse, Champlain being forced to surrender to an English fleet commanded by three brothers named Kirk. He was carried to England, but was restored to liberty in 1632. He returned to Canada in the next year, and died there two years afterwards (1635).
Champlain published several volumes containing accounts of his life work. In 1603 appeared his Des Sauvages ; in 1613 and 1619 Voyages, with valuable maps ; and in 1632 an abridgment of the first two voyages, with a continuation bringing down his stay to 1629, and appendices containing a treatise on seamanship, and specimens of the Huron and Montagnais languages. In 1870 the whole series of his works was published, with the exception of the very interest ing account of his visit to Mexico and the West Indies, which was translated by Alice Wilmere from the MS. kept in the public library at Dieppe, and published by the Hakluyt Society in 1859.
CHAMPOLLION, Jean François (1790-1832), one of the earliest and most distinguished of Egyptologists, called le Jeune to distinguish him from Champollion- Figeac, his elder brother, was born at Figeac, in the department of Lot, in 1790. He was educated by his brother Champollion-Figeac, professor of Greek at Gre noble, and was then appointed government pupil at the Lyceum, which had recently been founded. His first work was an attempt to show by means of their names that the giants of the Bible were personifications of natural phenomena. At the age of sixteen (1807) he read before the academy of Grenoble a paper in which he maintained that the Coptic was the ancient language of Egypt. He soon after. removed to Paris, where he enjoyed the friend ship of Langles, De Sacy, and Millin. Champollion s wonderful acuteness is best displayed by his interpretation of the Rosetta stone, in regard to which there was keen discussion as to the share Dr Young and he respectively had in the discoveries. In 1809 he was made pro fessor of history in the Lyceum of Grenoble, and there published his earlier works. He was sent by Charles X., in 1824, to visit the collections of Egyptian antiquities in the museums of Turin, Leghorn, Rome, and Naples ; and on his return he was appointed director of the Egyptian museum at the Louvre. In 1828 he was commissioned to undertake the conduct of a scientific expedition to Egypt in company with Rosellini, who had received a similar appointment from Leopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany. He remained there about a year. In March 1831, he received the chair of Egyptian Antiquities, which had been created specially for himself, in the College de France. He was engaged with Rosellini in publishing the results of Egyptian researches at the expense of the Tuscan and French Governments, when he was seized with a paralytic disorder, and died at Paris in 1832.
He wrote L figypte sous les Pharaons, 2 vols. 8vo, 1814; Sur Tecriture hieratique, 1821 ; Sur Vecriturc demotique ; Precis du sys- teme hieroglyphiqiie, &c., 1824 ; Pantheon egyptien, ou collection des personnages mythologiqucs de I ancienne &jypte (incomplete) ; Monu- mens de V&jypte et de la NuMe consideres pur rapport d I histoire, la religion, <L-c. ; Grammaire egyptienne, 1836, edited by his brother ; Dictionnaire Meroglyphique ; Grammaire copte and Dictionnaire copte (not printed) ; Analyse methodique du tcxte dtmotique de P,osette; Aper^u du risultats historiqucs de la decouvcrte de Talphaoet hiiro- glyphique (1827); Memoires sur les signcs employes par les Egyptiens dans Icurs trois systtmes graphiques a la notation dcsprincipales divi sions du temps; Lettres ecrites d figypte et de Nulie (1833); and also several letters on Egyptian subjects, addressed at different periods to the Duke de Blacas and others.
CHAMPOLLION-FIGEAC, Jean Jacques (1778-1867), elder brother of Jean Francois Champollion, was born at Figeac, in 1778, He became professor of Greek and librarian at Grenoble, then librarian of the imperial library at Paris, and, when he lost this post in 1828, librarian to Louis Napoleon at Fontainebleau. He edited several of his brother s works, and was also author of a number of original works on philological and historical subjects, among which may be mentioned Nouvelles recherches sur les patois ou idiomes vulgaires de la France (1809), Annalesdes Lagides (1819), Paleograplde ancienne et moderne (1839-41), Louis et Charles d Orleans (1843).
to this word, so important in its modern use over the greater part of the civilized world ; but all of them are of a trivial nature, bearing little reference to the subsequent application of the term. The word chancel is connected with the most ordinary and apt of these origins. It supposes the chancellor to have been so called because he sat within a lattice or screen partitioned from the court of justice or hall of audience. There was no such office in the early civil law, and even under the later Western emperors the cancsllarius appears to have been a mere subordinate person, a sort of clerk of the chamber, or scribe, who saw the petitioners, and arranged about their business. Gradually he appears to have risen to the rank of an adviser or conscience-keeper, on whose decision the fate of suitors in a great measure depended. In the Eastern empire the chief cancellarius had become a powerful and important
officer. As it was the principle of the popedom to be the