November fever of a malarious type pervails all over the
district. Cholera and smallpox are also common.
Chándá, the principal town in the district of the same name, is situated in 19 57 N. lat. and 79 22 E. long., at the junction of the Yirai and Jharpat rivers. The town is surrounded by a wall of cut stone five and a half miles in circuit, and crowned with battlements still in perfect preservation. The town contains a total population of 16,233 souls, classified as follows : Hindus, 14,350 ; Muhammadans, 1294; Buddhists and Jains, 53 ; Christians, 76 j and "others, 460. The municipal revenue in 1871 was 1 1 20. The population of the town is chiefly Marhatta and Teling4 ; the traders, shopkeepers, and craftsmen be long to the latter. The principal manufactures are coarse and fine cotton cloths, silk fabrics, brass utensils, leather slippers, and bamboo work. The town is the seat of con siderable external trade, the value of the imports in 1868-69 being returned at 178,044, and the exports at 114,342. The civil station lies a little to the north of the city, having the military cantonments to the west, with the civil lines in the centre and east.
CHANDARNAGAR (popularly Chundernagore), aFrench settlement, with a small adjoining territory, situated on the right bank of the River Hugll, 20 miles above Calcutta, in 22 51 40" N. lat. and 88 24 50" E. long. Chandarnagar has played an important part in the European history of Bengal. It became a French settlement towards the close of the 17th century, but did not rise to any importance till the time of Dupleix, during whose administration more than two thousand brick-houses were erected in the town, and a considerable maritime trade was carried on. In 1757, Chandarnagar was bombarded by an English fleet and captured ; the fortifications and houses were after wards demolished. On peace being established, the town was restored to the French in 1763. "When hostilities afterwards broke out in 1794, it was again taken possession of by the English, and was held by them till 1816, when it was a second time given up to the French ; it has ever since remained in their possession. All the former commercial grandeur of Chandarnagar has now passed away, and at present it is little more than a quiet suburb of Calcutta, without any external trade. The European town is situated at the bottom of a beautiful reach of the Hiigli, with clean wide thoroughfares, and many elegant residences along the river bank. The total area of the territory is only 2330 acres, including a few villages outside the town. The authorities of Chandarnagar are subject to the general jurisdiction of the Governor-General of Pondicherri, to whom is confided the general government of all the French possessions in India.
CHANDLER, Richard, D.D. (1738-1810), a British antiquary, was born in 1738, at Elson in Hampshire, and was educated at Winchester school, and Queen s College, Oxford. His first work consisted of fragments from the minor Greek poets, with notes (1759); and in 1763 he published a fine edition of the Arundelian marbles, Marmora Oxoniensia, with a Latin translation, and a number of suggestions for supplying the lacunas. In 1763 Chandler, together with Revett, the architect, and Pars, a painter, was sent by the Dilettanti Society to explore the antiquities of Ionia and Greece. After spending above a year in Asia Minor the travellers passed another year in Greece, examining Attica and the Peloponnesus, and returned to England in the end of 1766. The result of their joint investigations was the two magnificent folios of Ionian antiquities published in 1769. Chandler also published a very valuable collection of inscriptions, entitled Inscriptiones Antiques plerceque nondum editor, in Asia Minor e et Graecia, preesertim Atkenis, collector (Oxford, 1774). In 1775 he published his Travels in Asia Minor ; in 1776 his Travels in Greece; and in 1800 his History of Ilium, in which he asserted the accuracy of Homer s geography. His Life of Bishop Waynflete, Lord High Chancellor to Henry VI., did not appear till after his death, in 1811. After his return from Greece, Chandler obtained several church preferments, including the rectory of Tylehurst, in Berkshire; and after marrying and travelling for some time in Switzerland arid Italy, he settled down in England, where he died in 1810.
CHANDLER, Samuel, D.D. (1693-1766), a learned Dissenting minister, was born at Hungerford, in Berkshire, where his father was an eminent Xonconformist minister. He was sent to school at Gloucester, where he commenced a life-long friendship v.ith Bishop Butler and Archbishop Seeker ; and he afterwards studied at Leyden. His talents and learning were such that he was elected fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and was made D.D. of Edinburgh and Aberdeen. He also received offers of high preferment in the Established church. These he decidedly refused, remaining to the end of his life in the position of a Presbyterian minister. For some time he preached at Peckham, and for forty years he was pastor of the meeting house in the Old Jewry, During two or three years, having fallen into pecuniary distress through the failure of the South Sea Scheme, he kept a book-shop in the Poultry. On the death of George II. Chandler published a sermon in which he compared that king to King David. This view was attacked in a pamphlet entitled The History of the Man after God s own Heart, in which the author complained of the parallel as an insult to the late king, and, following Bayle, exhibited king David as an example of perfidy, lust, and cruelty. Chandler condescended to reply in A Critical History of the Life of David, which is perhaps the best of his productions. This work was just- completed w r hen he died, on May 8, 1 766. He left 4 vols. of sermons (1768), and commentaries on St Paul s Epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, and Thessalonians (1777), several works on the evidences of Christianity, and a work on subscription to articles of faith (1748).
CHANG-CHOW, a town of China, in the province of Fuh-keen, on a branch of the River Lung Keang, 35 miles west of Amoy. It is well built, and surrounded with a wall 4½ miles in circumference, which, however, includes a good deal of open ground. The streets are paved with granite, but are very dirty. The river is crossed by a curious bridge, 800 feet long, constructed of wooden planks supported on 25 piles of stones about 30 feet apart. The city is a centre of the silk-trade, and carries on an extensive commerce in different directions. Brick-works and sugar-factories are among its chief industrial establishments. Its population is estimated at about 1,000,000.
CHANNEL ISLANDS, a number of islands politically attached to Great Britain, but connected with France by geographical position, being situated in the great bay of St Michael, which is bounded by the coasts of the departments of Manche, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Cotes du Nord. They are naturally divided into four principal groups the northern, which includes Alderney, Burhou, and the Casquets, lying off the Cape de la Hogue ; the north-central, com prising Guernsey, Herm, and Sark, about eighteen miles to the south-west ; the south-central, or Jersey and its adjacencies, more towards the centre of the bay ; and the southern, or the Minquiers and Chausseys, with their multitudinous islets. The total area is about 75 square miles, or 48,000 acres.
principal features the same, for the islands consist almost exclusively of igneous rocks in various stages of decomposi tion. They have been denuded of nearly all the fossiliferous
and stratified rocks with which at an earlier period they