been recommended for imitation in England by those who have had some experience of its working. The first of the Indian codes was the Penal Code drawn up by Macaulay, and presented to the Governor-general in 1837. It did not become law, however, till 1860. It has been highly praised, and its merit is the more remarkable as Macaulay had only a slight professional acquaintance with the law before he went to India. A code of Civil Procedure became law in 1759, and was followed by a code of Penal Procedure in 1861. The substantial law was then under taken which published its first instalment in 1865. The use of illustrations is a peculiar feature of the Indian
code.CODOGNO, a town of Italy, in the province of Milan, and district of Lodi, with a station at the junction of the railway from Milan to Piacenza with that between Cremona and Pa via, about 20 miles from the last-named city. In the parish church is an Ascension of the Virgin, the best painting of Callista Piazza, an artist of the 16th century. The town is chiefly important as the centre of a large trade in Parmesan cheese; and it also carries on the manufacture of silk. Population upwards of 11,000.
CODRINGTON, Sir Edward (1770-1851), admiral, belonged to an old Gloucestershire family. He entered the navy in 1783. In 1794 he served as lieutenant on board Ho e s flagship in the actions off Brest, and was sent home with despatches announcing the result. In 1805 he re ceived the command of the " Orion," a seventy-four, in which he fought at Trafalgar, receiving a gold medal for his conduct in the action. In 1808 he was gazetted to the " Blake/ another seventy-four, in command of which he shared in the Walcheren expedition, assisting in the forcing of the Scheldt in 1809. During the next three years he was on active service off the Spanish coast, In 1813 he sailed for North America, where he was made rear-admiral and captain of the fleet. Returning to England at the close of the war, he received a Knight Commandership of the Bath in 1815; and six years afterwards (1821) he was gazetted vice-admiral. In 1826 he was appointed to the commaud-in-chief of the Mediterranean squadron of eleven sail sent to restrain Ibrahim Pasha from operating against the Greeks, and sailed in the "Asia" for the Morea. Here he was joined by the French and Russian contingents, of five and eight sail respectively, under Admirals de Rigny and Heiden, who were put under his orders. A literal inter pretation of instructions led to the battle of Navarino, in which the Turkish and Egyptian fleets, of 36 sail, with a cloud of gunboats, schooners, and craft of all sorts, were almost entirely destroyed. For his share in this action Codrington received a Grand Cross of the Bath ; but the steps which led to it occasioned considerable dissatisfaction in England, and he was recalled in 1828. He was returned to Parliament for Devouport in 1832 in the Liberal interest, and was re-elected in 1835 and 1837. In the latter year he was gazetted admiral. He accepted the Chiltern Hundreds in 1839, on his appointment as commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, and his three years tenure of that office con cluded his public life. He died in London, April 28, 1851. A memoir of Codrington, by his daughter, Lady Bourchier, ap peared in 1873, and an abridgment of the larger work in 1875.
CODRUS, the hero of an early Athenian legend, was the last king of Athens, and belongs to the 1 1th century B.C. According to the story, it was prophesied that the Dorians would conquer Attica if they spared the life of the Attic king. Devoting himself to his country, Codrus, in disguise, provoked a quarrel with some Dorian soldiers. He fell, and the Dorians retreated homeward. To so noble a patriot no one was thought worthy to succeed ; and the title of king was thenceforth abolished, that of archon taking its place.
COEHORN, Menno, Baron van (1641-1704), "the Dutch Vauban," was of Swedish extraction, and was born at Leeuwarden, in Friesland. He served in the campaign of 1667 against Turenne, and later distinguished him self at the sieges of Maestricht (1673) and Graave (1674), and at the battles of Senef (1674), Cassel (1677), and St Denis (1678). The genius of Vauban had made a fine art of the attack and defence of fortified places, and Cue- horn, who had already invented the mortar, had imposed on himself the task of meeting and beating that fine engineer on his own ground. But William of Orange did not recognize the abilities of his young captain, and in despair of success Coehom had determined to transfer his services to France. William, hearing of this, seized the person of the engineer, and by a mixture of force and persuasion obliged him to renounce his design, and to accept a colonelcy in the Dutch service, with the com mand of two of the Nassau-Friesland battalions. The peace secured by the Treaty of Nimegucn (1678) gave Coehorn his first great opportunity. Pie repaired and perfected the defences of many strong places, and he rushed into polemics with a rival engineer, a certain Paen. His criti cism and rejoinder appeared at Leeuwarden in 1682 and 1683, and in 1685 he gave to the world, in Dutch, his first great work, The New System of Fortification (Leeu warden, folio), two French editions of which appeared in 1706, while three others were issued from the Hague in 1711, 1714, and 1741 respectively. From 1688 to 1691 Coehorn s genius and activity answered the innumerable demands that were made upon them. In 1692 Vauban himself laid siege to ,Namur, and Coehorn waited within the city. The town was reduced in a week; but the castle in its quintuple enceinte, manned by Coehorn and his own regiment, seemed impregnable. The Dutch chief, however, was severely wounded, and the castle capitulated, with the honours of war, eight days after the city. The campaign of 1695 brought his revenge. He reduced the city, on which Vauban in the meanwhile had expended all the resources of his art, and the castle fell a mouth afterwards. The Peace of Ryswick (1697) sent Coehorn back to his task of repairing and improving. He laid out the entrenchments round Zwoll and Groningen, and built the fortifications round Nimeguen, Breda, Namur, and Bergen-op-Zoom. In 1701, however, the war of the Spanish succession broke out, and Coehorn went at once to the front. By the siege and capture in succession of Venloo, Stevens worth, Ruremond, and Liege, he rendered the allies masters in a single campaign of the line of the Meuse from Holland to Huy. He followed up these exploits by the investment and reduction of Bonn (1703), and passing thence into Flanders, with Sparr, he forced the French lines in the Waes, between the sea and the left bank of the Scheldt. Returning to the centre of opera tions on the Meuse, he besieged and took Huy in the same year, under the very eyes of Villeroi. Thence he went to the Hague to confer with Marlborough concerning the next campaign, and was there cut off by apoplexy, March 17, 1704. A monument to him was raised by his children at Wykel, and an historical eulogy of him was published at Frankfort in 1771. For a description and critical esti mate of the engineering theories of Coehorn, see Marini, Biblioteca di Fortificazione (1810), and Bonomer, Essai general de Fortification (1814).
