368 ENGLAND TABLE OF SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST, AND PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF STATE FROM THE ACCESSION OF THE HOUSE OF STUART. SOVEREIGNS. William I. (Conqueror)... 1066 William II. (Rufus) 1087 Henry 1 1100 Stephen 1135 Henry II 1154 Richard I 1189 John 1199 Henry III 1216 Edward 1 1272 Edward II 1307 Edward III 1327 Richard II 1377 Henry IV 1399 Henry V 1413 Henry VI 1422 Edward IV ...1461 Edward V 1483 Richard III. . ...1483 Henry VII 1485 Henry VIII 1509 Edward VI 1547 Mary 1553 Elizabeth 1558 James 1 1603 Charles 1 1625 Interregnum 1 649 Charles II 1660 James II 1685 William III. and Miry. ..1689 Anne 1702 George I. 1714 George II 1727 George 111 1760 George IV 1820 William IV 1830 Victoria... ...1837 LORD CHANCELLORS (C.) OR LORD KEEPERS (L.K.). 1617. 1603. Sir T. Egerton, L.K., cr. Lord Ellesmeie 1603, and Viscount Bracldey 1616. Sir F. Bacon, L.K., cr. Lord Verulam 1618, and St Albans 1621. 1621. J. Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, L. K. 1625. Sir T. Coventry, L.K., cr. Lord Coventry 1G28. 1640. Sir J. Finch, L.K., cr. Lord Finch 1640. 1641. Sir E. Lyttelton, L.K., cr. Lord Lyttelton 1641. 1645. Sir R. Lane, L.K. 1649. Interregnum. 1660. Sir E. Hyde, C., cr. Lord Hyde 1660, and Earl of Clarendon 1661. 1667. Sir 0. Bridgeman, L.K. 1672. Earl of Shaftesbury, C. 1673. SirH. Finch, L.K.,cr. Lord Finch 1674, C. 1675, cr. Earl of Nottingham 1681. 1682. Sir F. North, L.K., cr. Lord Guilford 1683. 1685. Lord Jeffreys, C. 1690. Sir J. Maynard and others, commissioners. 1690. Sir J. Trevor and others, commissioners. 1693. Sir J. Somers, L.K., C., l: cr. Lord Somers 1697. 1700. Sir K Wright, L.K. 1705. W. Cowper, L.K., cr. Lord Cowper 1706, C. 1707. 1710. Sir T. Trevor and others, commissioners. 1710. Sir S. Harcourt, L.K., cr. Lord Harcourt 1711, C. 1713. 1714. Lord Cowper, C. 1718. Sir R. Tracy and others, commissioners. 1718. Lord Parker, C., cr. Earl of Macclesfield, 1721. 1725. Sir J. Jekyll and others, commissioners. 1725. Lord King, C. 1733. Lord Talbot, C. 1737. Lord Hardwicke, C., cr. Earl of Hardwicke 1754. 1756. Sir J. Willes and others, commissioners. 1757. Sir R. Henley, L. K., cr. Lord Henley and C. 1760, Earl of Northington,1764. 1766. Lord Camden, C. 1770. C. Yorke, C. 1770. Sir S. S. Smythe and others, commissioners. 1771. Lord Apsley, C., succeeded as Earl Bathurst 1775. 1778. Lord Thurlow, C. 1788. Lord Loughborough *nd others, commissioners. 1783. Lord Thurlow, C. 1792. Sir J. Eyre and others, commissioners. 1793. Lord Loughborough, C., cr. Earl of Rosslyn 1801. 1801. Lord El don, C. 1806. Lord Erskine, C. 1807. Lord Eldon, C. 1827. Lord Lyndhurst, C. 1830. Lord Brougham, C. 1834. Lord Lyndhurst, C. 1835. Sir C. C. Pepys and others, commissioners. 1836. Lord Cottenham, C. 1841. Lord Lyndhurst, C. 1850. LordLangdale and others, commissioners. 1850. Lord Truro, C. 1852. Lord St Leonards, C. 1852. Lord Cran worth, C. 1858. Lord Chelmsford, C. 1859. Lord Campbell, C. 1861. Lord Westbury, C. 1865. Lord Cranworth, C. 1866. Lord Chelmsfovd, C. 1868. Lord Cairns, C. 1868. Lord Hatherley, C. 1872. Lord Selborue, C. 1874. Lord Cairns, C. LORD TREASURERS OR FIRST LOKDS OF THE TREASURY. [The title was at first Lord Treasurer, unless when the Treasury was put in commission. Ultimately special rank was given to one of the commissioners as First Lord of the Treasury. From the time of the earl of Essex (1679) the names given are those of First Lords, with the exception of the three printed in italics.] 1603. Lord Buckhurst, cr. Earl of Dorset 1604. 1608. Earl of Salisbury. 1612. Earl of Northampton and others, commissioners. 1614. Earl of Suffolk. 1618. Archbishop Abbot and others, commissioners. 1620. Sir H. Montagu, cr. Vis count Mandeville 1621. 1621. Lord Cranfield, cr. Earl of Middlesex 1622. 1624. Sir J. Ley, cr. Lord Ley 1625, and Earl of Marl- borough 1626. 1628. Lord Weston, cr. Earl of Portland 1633. 1635. Archbishop Laud and others, commissioners. 1636. W. Juxon, Bp. of London. 1641. Sir E. Lyttelton andothers, commissioners. 1643. Lord Cottington. 1649. Interregnum. 1660. Sir E. Hyde and others, commissioners. 1660. Earl of Southampton. 1667. Duke of Albemarle and others, commissioners. 1672. Lord Clillbrd. 1673. Viscount Dunblane, cr. Earl of Danby 1674. 1679. Earl of Essex. 1679. Lord Hyde, cr. Viscount Hyde 1681, Earl of Ro chester 1682. 1684. Lord Godolphin. 16-87. Lord Bellasyse. 1689. Earl of Monmouth. 1690. Sir J. Lowther. 1690. Lord Godolphin. 1697. C. Montagu. 1699. Earl of Tankerville. 1700. Lord Godolphin. 1701. Earl of Carlisle. 1702. Lord GodolpMn. 1710. Earl Paulett. 1711. Earl of Oy ford. 1714. Duke of Shrewsbury. 1714. Earl of Halifax. 1715. Earl of Carlisle. 1715. Sir R. Walpole. 1717. Lord Stanhope. 1718. Earl of Sunderland. 1721. Sir R, Walpole. 1742. Earl of Wilmington. 1743. H. Pelham. 1754. Duke of Newcastle. 1756. Duke of Devonshire. 1757. Duke of Newcastle. 1762. Earl of Bute. 1763. G. Grenville. 1765. Marquis of Rockingham. 1766. Duke of Grafton. 1770. Lord North. 1782. Marquis of Rockingham. 1782. Earl of Shelburne. 17S:^. Duke of Portland. 1783. W. Pitt. 1801. H. Addington. 1804. W. Pitt. 1806. Lord Grenville. 1807. Duke of Portland. 1807. S. Perceval. 1812. Earl of Liverpool. 1827. G. Canning. 1827. Viscount Goderich. 1828. Duke of AVellington. 1830. Earl Grey. 1834. Viscount Melbourne. 1834. Sir R. Peel. 1835. Viscount Melbourne. 1841. Sir R. Peel. 1846. Lord J. Russell. 1852. Earl of Derby. 1852. Earl of Aberdeen. 1855. Viscount Palmerston. 1858. Earl of Derby. 18,59. Viscount Palmerston. 1865. Earl Russell. 1866. Earl of Derby. 1868. B. Disraeli. 1868. W. E. Gladstone. 1874. B. Disraeli, cr. Earl of Beaconsfield 1876. 1846. Lord Cottenham, C. SECRETARIES OF STATE. [The substitution of two secretaries for one was the consequence of the increase of business. There was no distinction of departments, each secretary taking whatever work the king saw fit to entrust him with. During the reigns of the first two Stuarts, however, there was a tendency to entrust one secretary with the correspondence with Protestant states and their allies, and the other with the correspondence with Catholic states. Probably in the reign of Charles II., and certainly as early as 1691, two departments, the Northern and the Southern, were instituted. The secretary for the former took the Low Countries, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and Russia. The secretary for the latter took France, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Turkey. Home affairs were common to both. Ireland and the Colonies fell to the former secretary. Even when the departments were changed to Home and Foreign, and subsequently still further divided, the division was a mere matter of convenience. Every secretary can still carry on business in the department of another without a fresh appointment.] 1603. Sir R. Cecil (cr. Lord Cecil 1603, Viscount Cranborne 1604, Earl of Salisbury 1609). 1612. Vacant. 1640. 1614. Sir R. Winwood. 1615. 1618. Sir R. Naunton. 1619 1623. Sir E. Conway, cr. Conway 1625. 1625 1625 1628. Viscount Dorchester. 1632. Sir F. Windebank. Lord Sir T. Lake. Sir G. Calvert. Sir A. Morton. Sir J. Coke. 1641. Sir E. Nicholas. 1642. 1643. 1660. Sir E. Nicholas. 1662. Sir H. Bennet, cr. Arlington, 1665. 1668. 1672. . Sir H. Vane. . Viscount Falkland. . Lord Digby. Interregnum. Sir W. Morrice. Earl of Sir J. Trevor.
H. Coventry.