E R A E R D 519 which Selden, Culemau, Gillespie, and Rutherford were the most prominent disputants, the proposition that " the Lord Jesus, as King and Head of His church, hath therein appointed a government, in the hand of church-officers, distinct from the civil magistrate " was finally carried, the sole dissentient voice bsing that of Lightfoot. This pro position, with the whole chapter " Of Church Censures" in which it occurs, was intended and understood to contain a complete rejection of Erastian principles, and in this light it was regarded by the Erastians themselves. That chapter, however (the 30th of the Confession), was never formally ratified by the parliament. The Anglican doctrine of " the royal supremacy in causes ecclesiastical," it needs hardly be said, is not in any sense derived from Erastus (see the 37th Article; also Hooker s Eccl. Pol., b. viii. and Preface). In Scotland Erastianism is disowned by all Presbyterians. They hold, as against Erastus, that there is "a government in the hand of church officers distinct from the civil magistrate." It is well known that serious differences have arisen as to some of the practical effects of this anti-Erastian doctrine. The history of these differences will be related elsewhere. (See SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF, and FREE CHURCH.) An English translation of the Explicatio appeared anonymously in 1G59. A new translation, enriched with an interesting preface, was published by the late Dr Robert Lee (Edin., 1844). ERATO, the in use who presided over amatory poetry. See MUSES. ERATOSTHENES, a celebrated astronomer and geo metrician of Alexandria, was born at Gyrene, 276 B.C. His fame as an astronomer has cast into tho shade his other accomplishments, but in his own day he had some reputation both as a poet and as a grammarian, and he was appointed superintendent of the great Alexandrian library by Ptolemy Euergetes. He died of voluntary starvation, from grief on account of his blindness, 196 B.C. His works, with the exception of the Cataslerismi, or catalogue of the constellations, exist only in fragments. These have been published by Bernhardy under the title Eratosthenica (Berlin, 1822), and the remains of his poetical works have been published separately by Hiller (Leipsic, 1872). For an account of his astronomical and geometrical discoveries see ASTRONOMY, vol. ii. p. 748. ERBACU, the chief town of a circle in Hesse- Darm stadt, province of Starkenburg, is situated on the Miimling, 22 miles S.E. of Darmstadt. It has cotton and woollen mills, lime and tile works, a tannery, and a manufactory for arms. Wool and cattle fairs are held twice a year. The castle contains interesting collections of Greek, Roman, and German antiquities, and the armour and weapons of many celebrated warriors. In the chapel are the stone coffins of Eginhard son-in-law of Charlemagne and his wife Emma. Erbach has been for a long time the resi dence of the counts of Erbach, who trace their descent to Eginhard, but the first authentic information regarding them dates from the middle of the 12th century. Since 1532 they have held their title immediately from the empire, and since 1541 have been hereditary cup-bearers. They are now divided into three lines named according to their places of residence, the Erbach- Fiirstenau, Erbach- Erbach, and Erbach Schonberg, who rank, not according to the age of their descent, but according to the age for the time being of the chief of their line. The countship lost its independence in 1806, and is now incorporated with Hesse. The population of Erbach in 1875 was 2663. ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA, ALONSO DE (1533-1595), a Spanish soldier and poet, was born in Madrid, August 7, 1533. On the death of his father, Fortunio Garcia do Arcilla y Arteaga, a learned and travelled jurisconsult of Biscayan origin, who held high office under the emperor Charles V., his mother obtained a place in the household of the empress Isabella, and the boy was brought up as a page to Philip, the heir-apparent. In this capacity Ercill.i visited the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy, and was pre sent in 1554 at the betrothal of his master to Mary of England. Hearing while he was in London that an ex pedition was about to start for South America in order to chastise the revolted Araucanians of Chili, he asked and obtained permission to join the adventurers. In the war which ensued he fought bravely and well; but having through an accidental quarrel with a comrade fallen under suspicion of mutiny, he was condemned to death by his general, Garcia de Mendoza, and only escaped, on the dis covery of his comparative innocence, with a term of im prisonment. He returned to Spain in 1562, and in the course of the next eight years visited Italy, France, Ger many, Bohemia, <fcc. At Madrid in 1570 he married Maria de Bazan, connected with the Santa Cruz family ; in 1570 he was made knight of the order of Santiago ; in 1576 he was appointed chamberlain to the emperor Rudolph II. ; and in 1578 he was employed by Philip II. on a mission to Saragossa. After several years of poverty and neglect, he died at Madrid about 1595. His principal and, indeed, his almost solitary work is La Araucana, a poem based on the events of the wars in which he had been engaged. It consists of throe parts, of which the first, composed between 1555 and 1563, and published in 1569, is a versified narrative adhering strictly to fact and date ; the second, published in 1578, is relieved or encumbered by visions and other romantic machinery ; and the third, which appeared in 1590, contains, in addi tion to the subject proper, a variety of episodes relevant and irrelevant. Of symmetry or proportion this so-called epic is almost destitute ; but it is written in excellent Spanish, and is full of passages of vigorous and natural description. Cervantes placed it on a level with some of the best Italian poems of its class ; Voltaire spoke in warm terms of certain portions ; and it is now acknowledged to occupy an honourable position in Spanish literature. It has been frequently reprinted, at Madrid in 1776 and 1828, and again in 1851, as part of Rivadeneyra s Bihlio- teca. An analysis of the poem was given by Hayley in his Essay on Epic Poetry, 1782; and another appeared in Charaktere der Vornehmsten Didder allcr Nalionen, Leipsic, 1793. A French abridgment was published by Gilbert de Marlhiac in 1824; a German translation by "Winterling at Nuremberg, 1831 ; and a complete French translation at Paris by Al. Nicolas, 1870. See Baena, Dicdonario de hijos ilustres de Madrid ; Tieknor s Spanish Lit., vol. ii. ; Viardot, Etudes sur lethe&tre et les beaux arts en Espnyne. ERDELYI, JAN-OS (1814-1868), an Hungarian poet and author, was born in 181 4 at Kapos, in the county of Ungvar, and educated at the Protestant college of Sarospatak. In 1833 he removed to Pesth, where, having attracted notice by his poetical talents, he was, in 1839, elected member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His literary fame was much enhanced by his collection of Hungarian national poems and folk-tales, Magyar NepMti-si Gyujtemeny, Xepdalok cs Monddk (Pesth, 1 846-47). This work, publish ed by the Kisfaludy Society, was supplemented by a dis sertation upon Hungarian national poetry, afterwards partially translated into German by Stier (Berlin, 1851). Erdelyi also compiled for the Kisfaludy Society an extensive collection of Hungarian proverbs Magyar Kdzmonddsok konyve (Pesth, 1851), and was for some time editor of the Szepirodalml. Szemle (Review of Polite Literature), In 1848 he was appointed director of the national theatre at Pesth ;
but after 1849 he resided at his native town. He died