E T R U It I A 039 words without corresponding masculines. As yet there is no trace of a neuter. Positive traces of declension are few. lu the older inscriptions the uom. siu. in masculines ends in * (* ), which afterwards is dropped. The gen. sing, in masculine words ending in vowels, and in fern, words end ing in consonants, is formed by sa, occasionally ssa = s a = za, and shortened to s, s , z. The connecting vowels i and u are used after I and r, e.g., veie, gen. sing. velus(a). But iu masculines ending in consonants, and feminiues ending in vowels, the gen. sing, takes I, originally perhaps la, or with connecting vowel ul. But this system in the formation of the genitive seems to have been interrupted at an early period by the more general use of the ending sa. A. remarkable peculiarity of the Etruscan is the apparently capricious doubling and trebling of the genitive sullix, e.g., sla (s la), and slisa (slis a) in masculines ; lisa [lisa, lisa, ulisa (alls a), alls , contracted to ulna, Is, Is, als, als ] and limla (lida, alisala, alisla, perhaps lis-v-le) m masculine and feminine. The dat. sing, is formed by the suffix si (s i) attached to the nom., e.g., clan (son), dat. cletisi (with modificatian of the vowel). An accusative singular is probably to be found in the phrase arse verse = averte ignem, as handed down by Festus, in which case it would be similar to the nominative as in plural words. Few other cases in the singular have been traced. Possibly cesar is an instance of the nom. pi. ; it would correspond to the conjectural ace. pi. of clenar f rom clan = -son, from which the dat. pi. is denaras i. As to conjugation only one form is certain, i.e., the perf. 3 sing, iu ce (ke], as in turce (turuce, turke) = dedit lupuce
mortuus or mortua est ; svalce = obiit (mortem) ; amce
fuit ; arce = habuit; zila^nuce =- magistratum gessit (?). As to lupuce, however, and zila^nnce, there is some doubt. No augment or reduplication is known. It is possible that the phrase arse verse contains an imperative ; mi appears posi tively to mean " I am." The numerals may be given as follows : Ou (Oun) = 1 ; ci = 2 ; ma% = 3 ; zal (esal, esl) = 4; s a = 5; hut (hutk) G; sem<j> = l ; cezp = 8 (10-2). The tens are formed by alch(a)l, but irregularly, e.g., calchl (celchl) = 20 ; muvalchl (mealcht) = 30. In mixed numbers the units preceded the tens. Peculiar forms are ciemzatkrm, probably = 2 and 40, and Qanesi muvalchl, pro bably 1 and 30 ; s added to numerals may indicate the genitive. When z is added it seems to indicate repetition, f.y., eslz 4: times. Pronouns and adverbs appear to be re presented by the forms eca, cehen, ta, eth, and a few others. An is perhaps a preposition. The present writer believes he has discovered with certainty two enclitic conjunctions, c (originally perhaps ce) and m (with vowel) urn, em, both equal to "and," e.g., puiac and puiam "and wife." The following is a list of the words which have been made out from the inscriptions with tolerable certainty: nets vis trutnvt haruspex ; fronta (Greek ?) = fulgurator; avi7-=life; HZ year; tiv month; tusurthir = }iusb&nd; puia wih; clan = son; sec (seek, s ec, s ech) = daughter; th u ra grandson; Zawni = freedman; lautnita = freed woman ; etcra = slave ; eleraia female slave; tusna = swan ; aefla,=> dog ;krankru panther; suti (suthi, s uthi) = tomb; suthina sepulchral object; sulna = sarcophagus ; ?i&sZ = grave; iiapcr = niche (of tomb); cela ( I tal.?) = sepulchral chamber; tular = tombstone (plural?); ccsu = coffin ; mulvannice (mulenike, &c.) = sepulchral; h,inthia = shade, sliade of the dead; fart futna (harthna) monument; _fieres (-res ) = image ; tiiis cvil = dedicated object; alpan = work of art; cape (kapi, Italian?) cup; alh(u)mic = lamps; ncviku = earthen ware vase; nipe vase; huins = fountain; svalce = died; leine (line) = lived; tur(u)ce = ga.vc; ?nce = was; arce = had; zilachnuce magis tratum gessit; tt7acA?i//w = magistrates; wu -=I am. To these may be added, besides the numerals and particles just cited, the follow ing names of deities : Tinia (7Yn) = Zeus; /)u = Hera; Sethknis = Hephaestus ; Turin us Hermes ; Fu/lunus = Bacchus ; Tiiran*^ Aphrodite; Laran (Lalan?)=Ares ; Z/a to = Selene; Thesan=~E.os ; Usil (Italian ?) Helios ; Menrva (Italian ?)= Minerva ; Maris= Dioscurus; Lasa a, subordinate goddess; and many other deities not yet accurately identified. From ancient writers we know also Want us = Hades, iY;os or Aas = the Etruscan Ulysses, and cer tain names of months: Vel(c)itanus= March; A w;?iZrs = May; Aclus =-June ; Traneus> = July ; Ermiux** August ; Ccclius = September; Xoffer (Utofer in Corssen) October. Lastly, we have the glosses: asar, aisar** deus; aisoi*=6(oi ; falando (or f aland um?)*~ca:lwai; aukelos*=**f.a>s; andasBoptoa ; arimos^iriBTjKos ; damnos = lir-nos ; antar=a.fr6s ; arakos = ifpa ; g(i)nis=>yfpavos ; capys = fa.lco; cajjua = cui pollices pedum curvi sunt ; bwros^KavQapos ; ataismi~o.v<i- StvSpas (wine); arse verse = averte ignem; ayaletora*=ira.71ia; lucumo princepajfiJnMJaApx^i lanista*= earn ilex; Aitflcr-miinus; ludiua saltator; SM&uZo tiDicen; e^oshelluo; gapos = ux tf- >- > velites light-armed; baltcus = strap of sword ; cassis = metal helmet ; man- ^ ssa = additamentum ponderis; Idus middle of month; atrus" ending of word for the day after a festival. This list could be easily increased by conjectures. (W. DE.)j ART. It appears from a statement of Varro, quoted by Art. Censorinus (DeDieJfatalijXvli. 5fol.), that Etruscan history was divided into ten periods or scecula, and it is known otherwise that the tenth of these periods began in the year 44 B.C. The first four specula are given as lasting each 100 years, the fifth 123, the sixth 119, the seventh 119, and allowing for the eighth and ninth each an average of 120 years, we obtain the year 1044 B.C. as the beginning of Etruscan chronology, a date which curiously corresponds with that usually assigned to those great movements of race* in Greece with which the Etruscan traditions were associated. The really important point, however, in these figures, as Helbig (Annali dell Iiist. Arch. 1876, p. 230) has lately shown, is the circumstance that the first four periods are given iu round numbers, and thus justify the inference that the keeping of regular records had not begun till the fifth period, commencing G44 B.C., a date which at the most would not be more than a century after the first introduction of the Greek alphabet into Italy by means of the Greek colonists. Apparently the oldest alphabet as yet discovered on Etruscan remains is that known as the Chalcidian-Greek. It occurs on a vase from the Regulini- Galassi tomb at Caere, and in all probability it had not reached the Etruscans before the end of the 8th century B.C. No doubt everything tends in this early period to connect the Etruscans, not with the Greeks, but with tbe Cartha ginians and the people of Italy and Sicily opposing the then active Greek colonization, which must have seriously threatened their trade. In 537 B.C. they united with the Carthaginians, as has been mentioned, to drive out the Phocaeans from Corsica. Such was the influence of Car thage in 509 B.C. that even the Romans accepted a com mercial treaty with her ; and among the ascertained dates of objects from Etruria may be mentioned 673-527 B.C. as that to which certain porcelain vases with hieroglyphics from Vulci and Ca3re are definitely assigned, which vases again point to commerce with a people who une -erstood and could imitate hieroglyphics. We have thus in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C. a picture of activity and fre- queut contact among the trading and advanced peoples of the Mediterranean which, though it implies a degree of national hostility on the part of the Etruscans towards the Greeks, need not exclude the intercourse of traders, nor a readiness to profit by the industrial and artistic skill of the Greeks. Otherwise it would be impossible to account for the legend which states that in the time of Cypselus, the tyrant of Corinth 660 B.C. (Pliny, xxxv., 12, 43), Demaratus, accompanied by certain artists, Eucheir, Diopus, and Eugrammus, settled in Etruria, and gave the first impulse to plastic art in Italy. These names sound legendary, but it may be taken that they would not have been invented unless to account for a fact which in this case is the very marked resemblance between the early art of Etruria and of Greece, a resemblance which could not have been accidental, or at any rate need not bo supposed to have been so when the means of communication were so plentiful. We know, for instance, that the Etruscan silver coinage was struck on the Attic system as arranged by Solon about 590 B.C., having similar designs (e.g., the
face of the Gorgon), the same weight, the same nominal,