736 V E^ E V E Everdingen s sea pieces belongs to Mr Von Fnesen at DresdenT and bears the date of 1640. After 1645 we meet with nothing but representations of inland scenery, and par ticularly of Norwegian valleys, remarkable alike for wild- ness and a decisive depth of tone. The master s favourite theme is a fall in a glen, with mournful fringes of pines in terspersed with birch, and log huts at the base of rocks and craggy slopes. The water tumbles over the foreground, so as to entitle the painter to the name of " inventor of cas cades." It gives Everdingen his character as a precursor of Jacob Ruysdael in a cartain form of landscape composi tion ; but though very skilful in arrangement, and clever in effects, Everdingen remains much more simple in execu tion; he is much less subtle in feeling or varied in touch than his great and incomparable countryman. Five of Everdingen s cascades are in the museum of Copenhagen alone : of these, one is dated 1647, another 1649. In the Hermitage at Petersburg is a fine example of 1647 ; another in the Pinakothek at Munich was finished in 1656. English public galleries ignore Everdingen ; but one of his best-known masterpieces is the Norwegian glen belonging to Lord Listowel. Few Continental museums lack pictures by this master. Their value in the market is about a third to a half of those of Ruysdael ; but excepting the later and more neglected pieces, they are all clever and generally attractive. At Amsterdam, we may think, Everdingen chiefly produced etchings and drawings, of which there are much larger and more numerous specimens in England than elsewhere. Being a collector as well as an engraver and painter, he brought together a large number of works of all kinds and masters ; and the sale of these by his heirs at Amsterdam on the llth of March 1676 gives an approxi mate clue to the date of the painter s death. EVEREST, SIR GEORGE (1790-1866), C.B., a distin guished surveyor and geographer, was the son of Tristram Everest of Gvverndale, Brecknockshire, and was born there July 4, 1790. From school atMarlow he proceeded to the military academy at Woolwich, where he attracted the special notice of the mathematical master, Dr Hutton, and passed so well in his examinations that he was declared fit for a commission before attaining the necessary age. Hav ing gone to India in 1806 as a cadet in the Bengal Artillery, he was selected by Sir Stamford Raffles to take part in the reconnaissance of Java (1814-1816) ; and after being em ployed in various engineering works throughout India, he was appointed in 1818 assistant to Colonel Lambton, the founder of the great trigonometrical survey of that country, In 1 823, on Colonel Lambton s death, he succeeded to the post of superintendent of the survey ; in 1830 he was appointed by the court of directors of the East India Company surveyor-general of India ; and from that date till his retirement from the service in 1843 he continued to discharge the laborious duties of both offices. During the rest of his life he resided in England, where he became fellow of ^the Royal Society and an active member of several other scientific associations. In 1861 he received the honour of knighthood, and he was chosen vice-president of the Royal Geographical Society in 1862. He died at Greenwich, December 1, 1866. The geodetical labours of Sir^George Everest rank among the finest achievements of their kind ; and more especially his measurement of the meridional arc of India, 111 in length, is accounted as un rivalled in the annals of the science. In great part the Indian survey is what he made it. The name of Everest lias been given in his honour to the highest ascertained peak of the Himalayas, and thus of the world. His works are purely professional : A paper in vol. i. of the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, pointing out a mistake in La Caille s measurement of an arc of the meridian which he had discovered during sick-leave at the Cape of Good Hope An account of the measurement of the arc of the meridian between the parallels of 18 3 and 24 T, being a continuation of the Grand Meridional Arc of India, as detailed by Lieut. -Col. Lambton in the volumes of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, London, 1830 ; An account of the measurement of two sections of tlie Meridional Arc of India bounded by the parallels of 18 3 15", 24 7 11", and 20 30 48", London, 1847. EVERETT, ALEXANDER HILL (1792-1847), an Ameri can author and diplomatist, born at Boston, March 19, 1792, was the son of Rev. Oliver Everett, for some time a Congregational minister in Boaton, and afterwards judge of probate for Norfolk County. He graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, in 1806, taking the highest honours of his year, though the youngest member of his class. He spent one year as a teacher in Philip s Academy, Exeter, and then began the study of law in the office of John Quincy Adams, afterwards president of the United States. In 1809 Adams was appointed minister to Russia, and Everett accompanied him as his private secretary, remain ing attached to the American legation in Russia until 1811. His assiduity in the diplomatic career resulted in his promotion successively to the position of secretary of legation and afterwards of charge d affaires at the Hague. He was subsequently minister to Spain, under the presi dency of John Quincy Adams. At that time Spam recognized none of the Governments established by her revolted colonies, and Everett became the medium of all communications between the Spanish Government and the several nations of Spanish origin which had been established, by successful revolutions, on the other side of the ocean. He died, May 29, 1847, at Hong Kong, whither he had been sent as commissioner of the United States, before the present system of diplomatic intercourse with China was inaugurated. Everett was not, however, so distinctly a diplomat as a man of letters. His long residence in Europe, and his intimate acquaintance with the French, German, Italian, and Spanish languages, resulted in wide and accurate acquaintance with the literature of the Continental states. He studied their political system at the same time, and in industrious and constant authorship published the results of his observations on social systems and literature. His co-operation was relied upon by the founders of the Noith American Review, the earliest American quarterly, and he was editor of that journal from the year 1829 to October 1835. In 1822 he published in London and in Boston A General Survey of Europe, which discusses the Conti nental system and the balance of power as they were adjusted after the fall of Napoleon. It attracted general attention, and was translated into German, French, and Spanish. In 1825 he published in London and Boston America, a somewhat similar description of the nations of North and South America. This book also was translated into the principal European languages. In 1822 he published N eiv Ideas of Population, suggested by Malthus s works, and replying to that author by a wider exposition than Malthus gave to the possibility of general and easy emigration. Some of his literary papers from the North American Review and the Democratic Review, and a volume of poems, have been published in Boston. Np American writer of his time was better known on the continent of Europe. EVERETT, EDWARD (1794-1865), brother of the pre ceding, was born in Dorchester, near Boston, on the llth November 1794. His father died in his childhood, and his mother removed to Boston with her family after her husband s death. When he was little more than thirteen he entered Harvard College ; and as the full under graduate course is four years, he became " bachelor of arts " at seventeen. He then took the first college honours of
his class. While at college he was the chief editor of Tlie