E Y E W A 773 INDEX TO ARTICLE EVOLUTION. Alfhrabi, 7*8. Cud worth, 769. Helmholtz, 770. Meckel, 760. Ne e, 770. Anaxagoras, 756. Cuvier, 749. Helvetius, 760. Mesoblast, 747. Religion, 7C6, 770, 772. Anaximander, 755 Czolbe, 767. Heraclitus, 755. Metaphysics, 765, 771. Reymond, Dn Bois, 770. Anaximenes, 755. Darwin, Charles, 749, 764. Herder, 761. Methodology, 769. Ribot, 767. Anthropology, 766, 769. Darwin, Erasmus, 748. Hobbes, 758, 759. Mivart, St George, 766. Robinet, 748, 760. Arab philosophers, 758. Definition, 744, 746, 751. Holbach, 760. Moleschott, 767. Rosencranz, 763. Archenterom, 746. De Maillet, 748. Hume, 760. Monboddo, 760. Rosmini, 763. Aristotle, 757 Descartes, 747, 759. Hutton, R. H., 766. Monistic view, 764. Schelling, 762. Atomists, 756. Duns Scotus, 70S. Ilypoblast, 746. Morula, 746. Schoolmen, 757. Avicebron, 758. Du Prel, 769. Indian philosophy, 755. Murphy, J. J., 766. Schopenhauer, 763. Avicenna, 758. Eleatics, 755. Individual, evolution of, 746. Mythological interpretation, Sidgwick, 766. Baer, Von, 749, 763. Emanation, 752. Jager, 769, 770. 754. Spencer, Herbert, 749. 764. Hurratt, A., 766. Embottement, 745. Janet, 767. Neo-Platonists, 757. Spinoza, 748, 759. Bastian, 769. Empedocles, 756. Jewish philosophy, 758. Noire", 769. Steffens, 762. Keloa, 750. Epiblast, 746. Kant, 761. Oersted, 762. Stoicism, 757. J Kemhard of Chartres, 758. Epigenesis, 744, 747. Lamarck, 748, 749, 750. Oken, 762. Strato, 757. Kiology, evolution in, 744-751. Erigena, 758. Lange, 768. Optimism, 772. Strauss, 770. Biastospore, 746. Ethics, 766, 770, 772. Language, origin of, 769. Pessimism, 772. Sum of living beings, evolu Boehme, 758. Fechner, 767. Leibnitz, 744, 748, 760. Philosophical purport, 770. tion of, 747. Bonnet, 744, 745, 760. Forms of the doctrine, 752, 753. Lessing, 761. Philosophy, evolution in, 751 Systems classified, 753. Bruno, Giordano, 758. Gassendi, 758. Lewee, G. H,, 765. 772. Teleological view, 754. Buchner, 767. Gastrula, 747. Locke, 759. Planula, 746. Telesio, 758. Buff on, 745, 748, 760. Giz ycki, 770. Lotze, 768. Plato, 756. Thomson, Sir W., 770. Campanella, 758. Goethe, 748. Lucretius, 757. Platonists, 756. Treviranus, 748. Cams, 762. Greek physicists, early, 755. Malebranche, 744. Problem stated, 752. Ulrici, 768. Clifford, 765. Haeckel, 749, 769. Malpighi, 744. Priestley, 760. Vestiges of Creation, 760. Comte, 763. Haller, 744. Mamiani, 763. i Progress, idea of, 759. Wallace, A. R., 749, 764. Cosmology, 769. Hartmann, 769. Martineau, 766. Psychology, 766, 770. Wigand, 7C9. Creation, 752. Harvey, 744, 746. Maxwell, J. Clerk, 771. Pythagoras, 755. Wolff, C. F., 745, 750. Critias, 756. Hegel, 7t>2. Mechanical view, 763, 768. Quinet, 767. Wundt, 770. EVORA, a city of Portugal, capital of the province of Alemtejo, is situated on an eminence in the centre of a fer tile plain, 85 miles E. by S. of Lisbon. It is surrounded by ramparts flanked with towers, and has two forts, but all in a ruinous condition, and quite useless as means of defence. The streets are narrow, crooked, and filthy, and the houses old and ill-built. The cathedral is a magni ficent Gothic edifice with an altar iu the Italian style, extremely rich, and decorated with variously coloured marbles. Evora is the see of an archbishop, and besides the cathedral has several churches, convents, and hospitals, a house of charity, barracks, a diocesan school, and a museum. A university, founded in 1550, was abolished on the expulsion of the Jesuits in the 18th century. An ancient aqueduct and an ancient tower, till a few years ago iu pretty good preservation, have been partly demolished to make room for a market. They were long believed to have been of Roman origin, but are now known to have been constructed about 1540 in the reign of Don John III., at the instance of an antiquarian named Rescnde. The aqueduct was constructed on the site of the old Roman one. The remains of what is said to have been a temple of Diana still exist, but the place is now used as a .slaughter-house. Evora, under the name of Ebora, was an important military station in the time of the Romans, and was called Libercditas Julice on account of certain municipal privileges bestowed on it by Caesar. In 712 it was conquered by the Moors and named Jabura, but they were deprived of it in 1 162 by an order of Christian knights. EVREUX (the ancient Mediolanum, and afterwards Eburovices), a town of France, capital of the department of Eure, is situated on the Iton, an affluent of the Eure, 67 miles W.N.W. of Paris by railway. The town is generally well built, and still contains many antique timber-framed houses. It is the seat of a bishop, and its cathedral is one of the most ancient and curious in France. It dates from the llth century, and is a very imposing cruciform structure, though not uniform in style. The north transept and the portal are in the flamboyant Gothic, elaborately ornamented ; the west front is in the Italian style. The beautiful rose window iu the south transept, and the wooden screens of the side chapels round the choir, showing the flamboyant Gothic style modified by the reviving Italian, also merit notice. The lady chapel is of elegant architecture, with painted glass equally remarkable for its fine execution and perfect preservation. At the intersec tion of the nave and transepts rises an octagonal tower supported on four pillars, and surmounted by a pyramidal spire of open stonework. The church of St Taurin also displays various styles of architecture, and contains the shrine of St Taurin, a work of the 13th century. The episcopal palace, which dates from the 15th century, is a beautiful structure. Among the other objects of interest are the clock-tower built in the 15th century, the abbey of St Saviour, the ancient Se minaire des Eudistes now used as a prison and assize buildings, the museum of antiquities, the town-hall, the prefect s residence, the theatre, the public library, the botanic garden, and the promenades. Evreux is famed for its manufacture of tools, and for stocking making ; brewing, distilling, dyeing, tanning, and papermaking are its other principal industries. At Vieil Evreux the remains of a Roman theatre, a palace, baths, and an aqueduct have been discovered, and various relics which are now deposited in the Mus^e d Antiquite"s. Evreux existed at a very early period. About the end of the 10th century Richard I. of Normandy gave it to his son Robert; and early in the 12th century it came by inheritance into the house of Montfort, from whom it was bought by Philip Augustus of France. Philip II. gave it to his brother Prince Louis, who in 1316 was created Count of Evreux. Count Philip of Evreux acquired by marriage the kingdom of Navarre, and Charles III. of Navarre sold it to Charles VI. of France. Charles VII. gave it in 1426 to John Stuart, earl of Darnley, after whose death it again came into the possession of the crown. Charles IX. bestowed it, along with the title, on his brother the duke of Alengon, but on his death in 1584, it finally returned into the possession of the crown. EWALD, HEINRICH GEORG AUGUST VON (1803-1875), Orientalist, biblicist, and theologian, was born, November 16, 1803, at Gb ttingen, where his father followed the occupation of a linen-weaver. After receiving the usual preliminary training, he entered the university of his native town in 1820; and there, with Eichhorn as teacher, he at once began to devote himself specially to the study of Hebrew and its cognates. At the close of his academical
career in 1823 he was appointed to a mastership in the