846 F A C F A H above. A child must not be employed for cwo successive periods of seven days in the same set, whether morning or afternoon, nor on two successive Saturdays, nor on Saturday in any week if he has already on one day been employed more than five hours and a half. Nor shall a child be employed on two successive days, nor on the same day in two successive weeks. (b.) In non-textile factories. For young persons and women. Period of employment same as before, ending at 2 p.m. on Satur days ; meal times not less than an hour and a half, on Saturday half an hour ; continuous employment without a meal not to exceed 5 hours ; these regulations also apply to young persons in workshops. For children. Half time arrangements generally the same as before, continuous employment without a meal not to exceed 5 hours. Women in workshops are subject to the same regulations as young persons, if young persons or children are employed; if not, the period of employment for a woman in a workshop shall be from 6 a.m. to 9 p.m. (on Saturday 4 p.m.). Absent time for meals, &c., must be allowed to the extent of four hours and a half (Saturdays two hours and a half). The employment of young persons or children at home, when the work is the same as in a factory or workshop, but no machine power is used, is also regulated, the day being fixed at 6 a.m. to 9 p.m.; for children, 6 a.m. to 1 p.m., or 1 p.m. to 8. Meal times in factories or workshops must be simultaneous, and employment during such meal times is forbidden. The occupier of a factory or workshop must issue a notice of the times of employment, &c. No children under 10 shall be employed. (4.) The following holidays shall be allowed to all protected persons : Christmas day, Good Friday (or the next public holiday), and eight half-holidays, two of which may be commuted for one entire holiday. (5.) Occupiers must obtain a weekly certificate of school attend ance for every child in their employment. (6.) Medical certificates of fitness for employment are required in the case of children and young persons under 16. When a child becomes a young person a fresh certificate is necessary. (7.) Notice of accidents, causing loss of life or bodily injury, must be sent to the inspector and certifying surgeon of the district. Part 1 1 . contains special provisions for particular classes of factories and workshops, such as bake-houses, print-works, bleaching and dyeing works. The third schedule to the Act contains a list of special exceptions too numerous to be given in detail. Part III. provides for the administration of f he law. Two classes of officers are to be appointed by the secretary of state, viz. , (1) inspectors, charged with the duty of inspecting and examining factories and workshops at all reasonable times, and of exercising such other powers as may be necessary to the carrying oiit of the Act; and (2) certifying surgeons to grant certificates of fitness under the Act. Numerous other sections relate to penalties and legal proceedings. Part IV. defines the principal terms used in the Act. Child means a person under fourteen years of age ; a "young person" is between fourteen and eighteen ; " a woman " means a woman over eighteen. Other sections apply the Act to Scotland and Ireland, with a temporary saving for the employment of children under 10 and children over thirteen (lawfully employed at the time of the passing of the Act). Previous enactments are re pealed. (E. R.) FACULTY, in law, is a dispensation or licence to do that which is not permitted by the common law. The word in this sense is used only in ecclesiastical law. Thus, any alteration or enlargement of a church requires a licence or faculty from the ordinary. The faculty court belonging to the archbishopric of Canterbury is presided over by the Master of the Faculties, who has power " to grant dispensa tions, as to marry, to eat flesh on days prohibited, to hold two or more benefices incompatible," &c. (Burn s Ecclesi astical Laiv). In universities and other learned bodies faculty means the association of professors or practitioners of some special branch of learning or skill. Thus, in the Scotch universities we have the usual faculties of arts, medicine, divinity, and law. Again, the society of advocates of the court of session, and local bodies of legal practitioners, are described as faculties. The word, in this sense, has fallen into disuse in England. FAENZA, a city of Italy, at the head of a circondario in the province of Ravenna, situated in a fertile plain about 20 miles S.W. of Ravenna, at the junction of the Zanelli canal with the Lamone (the ancient Anemo), and on the railway between Bologna and Ancona. It is regularly built, sur rounded by walls, and defended by a citadel. Around the market-place (a spacious square in the centre of the town with a fine marble fountain) are arranged the cathedral St Constantius), the town-hall, the theatre, and many hand some residences. The town-hall or palazzo communale was formerly the palace of the Manfredi family, and is fam us as the scene of the assassination of Galeotto Manfredi by his wife, which has been dramatized by Monti. Several of the churches in the town possess valuable paintings, among which are a few by Girolamo da Treviso. A college, a school of painting, a hospital, and two orphan asylums are among the public buildings of importance. The majolica ware, which takes its French name of " fayence" from the town, still continues to be manufactured, though not to such an extent as formerly; and there are also paper-mills and factories for spinning and weaving silk. A considerable trade is carried on by the canal which was opened in 1782 by Signer Zanelli, to unite the Lamone with the Po di Primaro at Sant Alberto. About 2| miles from the town there are thermal and saline springs, from the latter of which salt is extensively manufactured. The same product is also obtained from the cinericious tufa on the banks of the Lamone, and between the Lamone and Sentria runs an abundant vein of sulphur. The population of the town in 1871 was 36,299. Faenza is identified with the Faventia which is noted in history as the place where Carbo and Norbanus were defeated with great loss by Metellus, the general of Sulla, in 82 B.C. In the time of Pliny it was celebrated for the whiteness of its linen. It was greatly favoured by the emperor Constantine, and during the Middle Ages it continued to be a place of some importance. Dante men tions it as the seat of the powerful family of the Pagani. In 1241 it was captured by Frederick II. after a protracted siege, and not long after the Bolognese obtained temporary possession. A period of independence followed, till the Manfreds, who settled in the city about 1286, established their supremacy. In 1376 the town was pillaged by the notorious Sir John Hawkwood of Essex (the Giovanni Acuto of the Italian chronicles), who served under Gregory XI. The Manfredi power came to an end in 1500, and in 1509 Pope Julius II. secured Faenza against the Venetians h^ the battle of Ghiara d Adda. It continued subject to the church till the unification of Italy. At a little distance is the scene of the first battle between the pontifical forces and the French in 1797. The town claims the honour of being the birth place of Torrieelli, and has erected a statue to his memory. F^ESUL/E. See FIESOLE. FAHLCRANTZ, CHRISTIAN ERIK (1790-1866), a Swedish author, was born at Stora Tuna in Sweden on the 30th of August 1790. The family to which he belonged was a gifted one, and of his brothers, two, Carl Johan the landscape-painter, and Axel Magnus the sculptor, became hardly less distinguished than himself. In 1804 he entered on his career as a student; in 1821 he became tutor in Arabic, and in 1825 professor of the Oriental languages at the uni versity of Upsala. In 1828 he entered the church, but earlier than this, in 1825, he published his polemical and satirical poem of Noatis Ark, which enjoyed an immense- success. In 1826 appeared a second part of Noah s Ark, together with various pieces, original and translated. In 1835 Fahlcrantz brought out his epic of Amyarius, which grew as time went on, and finally consisted, in 1846, of 14 books. In 1842 he was made a member of the Swedish Academy, and in 1843 entered into a furious controversy with the famous novelist, Almqvist, against whose ^writings he published a thick volume in 1845-46. In 1849 he was made bishop of Vesteras, and his next literary work was an archaeological study on the beautiful ancient cathedral of his diocese. In the course of the years 1858-61 appeared the six volumes of his Rome as it was and is, a theological polemic, mainly directed against the Jesuits. In 1863 he began to collect and issue his complete works, a task which
was still unfinished when he died on the 6th of August