326 ,7£I>EBAIi BEPOBTBB. �wrapped around it and secured by tacks. "This mode," says Willis, "is very imperfect, there being several objections to it : First, the lapping of the edges of the paper makes the surface irregular, causing unequal wear, and not smoothing the soles perfectly, besides rendering the paper liable to be torn off; second, the frequent driving of the fastening tacks into the roUer soon cuts up and destroys the surface thereof, especially if the wood is soft, or, if the wood is hard, the tacks are often broken and it is difficult to draw them out; third, the labor and time required to make the frequent reversais of the paper are considerable; /owrt/i, the unevenness of the lapped paper causes jarring and unsteadiness in operation." �The def ects are said to be removed by the new mode of con- struction: "The edges of the sand -paper do not lap on the surface of the cylinder, thus leaving the surface perfectly reg- ular and coucentric as the holder revolvea. The paper also is held more securely, and wears evenly, doing good work, and the sheets are quickly takenoff and replaced." He described another short cylinder, of large diameter, which was to be added to the holder for the purpose of finishing the instep under the heel. �The first claim is : "A sand-paper holder, for finishing the soles of boots and shoes, composed of two parts, A, B, hinged together at one edge, and fastened together by screws, or the equivalent thereof, with or without the enlarged holder, com- posed of hinged parts, C, D, similarly arranged, substantially as described." �The second claim was for the doweb and pins, and has been disclaimed. �The evidence tends to show that a buffer made according to the patent is useful ; and that buffing cylinders are now very extensively used to the advancement, of the trade. �The defendant uses a holder or buffer, which, whether an infringement or not, is an undoubted iniprovement over that described in the patent. It consists of a cylinder eut length- wise and hinged in the middle, andcQvered with sand-paper. Instead of being secured to journals by ordinary screws run- ning tlirongh the cylinder into the journal, it is fastened by a ����
