thicker walls of the guard-cells (Fig. 114) absorb water from adjacent cells, these thick walls buckle or bend and part from each other at their middles on either side the opening, causing the stomate to open, when the air gases may be taken in and the leaf gases may pass out. When moisture is reduced in the leaf tissue, the guard cells part with some of their contents, the thick walls straighten, and the faces of the two opposite ones come together, thus closing the stomate and preventing any water vapor from passing out. When a leaf is actively at work making new organic compounds, the stomates are usually open; when unfavorable conditions arise, they are usually closed. They also commonly close at night, when growth (or the utilizing of the new materials) is most likely to be active. It is sometimes safer to fumigate greenhouses and window gardens at night, for the noxious vapors are less likely to enter the leaf. Dust may clog or cover the stomates. Rains benefit plants by washing the leaves as well as by providing moisture to the roots.
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Fig. 117.—Lenticels on Young Shoot of Red Osier (Cornus).
Lenticels.—On the young woody twigs of many plants (marked in osiers, cherry, birch) there are small corky spots or elevations known as lenticels (Fig. 117). They mark the location of some loose cork cells that function as stomates, for green shoots, as well as leaves, take in and discharge gases; that is, soft green twigs function as leaves. Under some of these twig stomates, corky material may form and the opening is torn and enlarged: the lenticels are successors to the stomates. The stomates lie in the epi-
