are called primaries, those on the forearm are the secondaries, those on the upper arm are the tertiaries. Those on the tail are called the tail quills. The feathers at the base of the quills are called the coverts. The thumb bears one or more quills called the spurious quills. Is the wing concave on the lower or upper side? What advantage is this when the bird is at rest? When it is flying?
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Fig. 298.—Plan of Bird. s, center of gravity.
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Fig. 299.—Position of Limbs of Pigeon.
Control of Flight.—Did you ever see a bird sitting on a swinging limb? What was its chief means of balancing itself? When flying, what does a bird do to direct its course upward? Downward? Is the body level when it turns to either side? Birds with long, pointed wings excel in what respect? Examples? Birds with great wing surface excel in what kind of flight? Examples. Name a common bird with short wings which has a labored, whirring flight. Is its tail large or small? Does it avoid obstacles and direct its flight well? Why or why not? When a boat is to be turned to the right, must the rudder be pulled to the right or the left? (The rudder drags in the water and thus pulls the boat around.) When the bird wishes to go upward, must its tail be turned up or down? How when it wishes to go down? When a buzzard soars for an hour without flapping its wings, does it move at a uniform rate? For what does it use the momentum gained when going with the wind?
