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(Fig. 1). Skin dark, hair woolly, nose broad, lips thick, jaws and teeth prominent, forehead retreating, great toe shorter than next toe and separate. (Africa, America.)

There is a struggle between the races for the possession of different lands. The Caucasian is gaining in Australia, Africa, and America. With difficulty the Mongolians are kept from the western shores of America. The Ethiopian in America shows a lessened rate of increase every decade; this may be due to the tendency of the race to crowd into cities and the strain of suddenly changing from jungle life in less than two centuries. Civilization is a strain upon any race. It is destroying the American Indian. The Mongolian and Caucasian survive civilization best, but insanity is increasing rapidly among the latter.

Fig. 2.—Indian Weapons: Lance and Arrow Heads. From a bank of mussel shells (remains of savage feast) at Keyport, N.J.

Man's Original Environment.—Primitive man lived without the use of fire or weapons other than sticks or stones. His first home was in the tropics, where his needs were readily supplied, and probably in Asia. Many nations have a tradition of a home in a garden (Greek, paradisos). His food was chiefly tree fruits and nuts. When because of crowding he left nature's garden, he acquired skill in hunting and fishing and the use of fire that flesh might supplement the meager fruits of colder climates. His weapons were of rough (chipped) stone at first—in the old stone age. In this age the mammoth lived. He learned to polish implements in the new stone age. The Indians were in that stage when Columbus came to America (Figs. 2, 3). The cultivation of grain and the domestication of animals probably began in this age. The bronze and iron ages followed the stone age.

Fig. 3.—Indian Tomahawk. Polished Stone. Keyport, N.J.