155; and politics, 156 ; her journey to Europe and its sad end, 163 Charters, historical value of, 374 Charvaz, Archbishop of Genoa, and Cavour, 181 Chateaubriand, Marquis de, deprecia- tion of Talleyrand, 394 and George Eliot, similarity of thought between, 288 Chigi, Cardinal, and Aubigny's car- dinalate, 92 Chillingworth, representative teaching of, 489 Choiseul, Talleyrand's criticism of, 404 Choisy, Abbe de, on de Cosnac's char- acter, 119 Chouan Rio, visited by Lord Houghton, Christianity, development of, specially affected by criticisms of Tubingen school, 369 ; Hegel's view of, 362 Church, Dean, 218 Church discipline, Mabillon on, 465 ; history, Mabillon on, 467 ; pro- perty, Cavour's views on, 184 see also Ecclesiastical authority, Papacy, Papal, etc. ; Cavour's collisions with, how induced, 200 et set/. ; in Mexico unduly preponderant influence of, 145 ; attempts to reduce, produce civil war, 146 ; other consequences, 149; Maximilian's relations with, 158-9 ; position of, in regard to Government, principle, not form, the point, 184 ; position of the State to, on becoming Constitutional, 184 Church of France, destroyed by Talley- rand, 406, 410 Church and State in France (1855), re- lations between, Cavour's ideal, 188 Cialdini's entry into the Marches, 199 Ciesykowski, Prolegomena zur Historio- sophie, 328 Citeaux, 496 Civil marriage, Azeglio's law on, 181 ; withdrawn by Cavour, 185 power, predominance of, under Nor- man rule in Sicily, 2-3 Civil War, the, in America, its place in history, 123 causes to which attributed, 128, 132, termination of, effects of, on European politics, 162, 205, 207 ; argu- ment of mercy from, invoked by Maximilian, 170 Civilisation, definition of, 306 history of, German work on, 392 Clarendon, Lord, his knowledge of the German war plans (1870), 218 Clarendon, Lord Chancellor, and the desired Cardinalate for Aubigny, 92 and the question of Charles II. and his religion, 88-9 Clement VII., Pope, and the Divorce of Henry VIII. ; Wolsey's first approach to, on the subject, n ; subsequent dealings and in- trigues, 21 et seq. ; attitude of, to the Divorce, weakness shown by some causes, 13 et seq. ; his real misgivings as to his authority, 26, 32 ; his advice to Henry, 26 ; his reluctant threats, 26 ; his hand forced, 38- 9 ; his view as to the original dispensation, 35 &» note ; his commission and assurances, 40 ; in 1527, Charles V. attempts to bribe, 42 ; power of, to grant dispensation for Divorce, 51 ; illness of, Wolsey's open bold- ness, 51 ; reconciliation of, with Charles V. on recovery, 51; changed attitude to Wolsey, 52 ; the commission suspended, 53-5 ; his relief, 56 election of, a blow to Wolsey, 4, 5 ; flaws in, 13 ; act confirming legitimacy of, 427 struggles of, with Charles Y. , 10-13 '• position of, 1527., 19; forbids the Avignon meeting, 20 ; im- prisonment of, 17 ; his release, 24, and position, 25 Clement IX., Pope, election of, 100 and the submission of Charles II., hi, 119 Clergy, dislike of, by true Catholics, possible, 201 of France, character of, in Talley- rand's time, 402 Clerk, Bishop of Bath, missions of, to Rome, on the Divorce, n, 12 Clifford, one of the Cabal, 120 Climate, characteristics of race pre- served irrespective of, 341 Buckle's view controverted, 341 influence of, on religion, 336-40 Buckle's view controverted, 336-40 Cloche, Jacobus de la, eldest [illegiti- mate] son of Charles II., his unknown mother, 98; his father's recognition of him, 98-9 ; his various names, 99 ; his pension
