Page:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce (Volume 1).djvu/15

Rome—Inland water traffic—Transit duties—Articles of commerce,
and knowledge of manufactures and of the arts—Colchester and its
mint—London—Agricola, A.D. 78-85—His fleet sails round Britain—The
influence of the rule of Agricola on the Britons—Hadrian,
A.D. 120—State of commerce in and after his reign—The Caledonian
incursions—Piratical invasions of the Germans—Carausius seizes
the fleet of Maximian, and declares himself Emperor of Britain—Welsh
and Scots, A.D. 360—Saxons, A.D. 364—Their ships—State of
the Britons when abandoned by the Romans Pages 298-330


CHAPTER XI.

The early Scandinavian Vikings settle on the coast of Scotland and
elsewhere—Great skill as seamen—Discovery of ancient ship, and of
other early relics—Incursions of the Saxons and Angles into Britain;
and its state soon afterwards—London—Accession of Offa, A.D.
755—Restrictions on trade and commerce—Salutary regulations—Charlemagne's
first treaty of commerce with England, A.D. 796—Extension
of French commerce, A.D. 813—Commerce of England
harassed by the Danes—Their ships, and the habits of their owners—Increase
of the Northern marauders—Language of the Northmen
still spoken by mariners in the North—Accession of Alfred the
Great, A.D. 871: his efforts to improve navigation, and to extend
the knowledge of geography—Foundation of a royal and commercial
navy—His voyages of discovery and missions to the East—Reign
of Edward the Elder, A.D. 901-25, and of his son Athelstan, A.D.
925-41—Edgar's fleet, and his arrangements for suppressing piracy—The
wisdom of his policy—Ethelred II., A.D. 979-1016—Sufferings
of the people—Charges on vessels trading to London—Olaf, king
of Norway, his ships, and those of Swein—Love of display—Mode
of navigating—Canute, A.D. 1016—Reduction of the English fleet—Prosperity
of commerce—Norman invasion, A.D. 1066—Number
of vessels engaged, and their form—State of trade and commerce—Exports—Manufactures—Wealth—Imports—Taxation—London
specially favoured—Chester specially burdened—State of the people
at the time of the Conquest 331-372


CHAPTER XII.

Increase of the English fleet, A.D. 1066—Its participation in the Crusades
to the Holy Land—Departure of the English expedition—Arrival
at Messina—Number of ships—Their order of sailing—Arrival
at, and capture of, Acre, 10th June, 1191—Richard returns to England—Maritime
laws founded on the "Rôles d'Oléron"—Power to pledge
ship and tackle—The sailors consulted—Laws relating to hiring—Drunkenness—Sickness—Damage
to ship and cargo—Quarrels—Mooring
of ships—Partnership in freight—Food—Obligation to carry the