Page:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce (Volume 1).djvu/719

Musiris, the furthest port to the East to which the ships of the West traded directly, p. 112 Naucratis, story of the port of, p. 48 Navigation Act, the first, A.D. 1381, of short duration, p. 427 Navy, English, great increase of, under Edward the Elder, Athelstan, and Edgar, pp. 351-3 ——, special tax for the support of, p. 433 Nearchus, nowhere specifies the size of his ships, p. 144 ——, length of voyage of, from the Indus to Susa, p. 145 Nebuchadnezzar builds Teredon, near Bussorah, p. 14 Needle, variation of, causes great alarm to Columbus and to his sailors, pp. 573-4 Nile, The, the chief source of the wealth and prosperity of Egypt, p. 50 Norman Power in Italy first limited to Aversa, but soon comprehends the modern kingdom of Naples, p. 232 Normans, origin of the; settlements in France and in Italy, p. 231 —— make two futile attempts to take Constantinople, A.D. 1081-1084, pp. 234-5 Norway, commercial treaty with, A.D. 1217, p. 396; and mandate in favour of the king's ship, the Cogge, Append. 3, p. 629, and note


Oars, oblique arrangement of, shown on the relief from Trajan's Column and on sculpture from Kouyunjik, p. 275

Offa, accession of, A.D. 755, his able reign and attention to commerce, pp. 340-341

——, dispute, but ultimate commercial treaty, with Charlemagne, pp. 341-344

Oléron, Rôles d', principal articles in, and various details, pp. 379-392, and note, p. 379

Omana (Oman), vessels and trade with, in dates, &c., the same now as in ancient times, pp. 120-121

Ophir, various opinions of learned men as to its true position, p. 28

Ophir, the "gold of," probably a qualitative name, like "guinea-gold," p. 28

Opis, a centre of caravan routes to Aradus and other places, p. 98

Ostia, port of, proposed by Cæsar, but executed by Claudius and Nero, commemorated on a brass medal of Nero, p. 189

Ovando, Nicholas de, sent as Governor to the West Indies, with the object of re-establishing the authority of Columbus, Feb. 1502, p. 613

Oxus, doubt whether the main stream of, ever flowed into the Caspian, p. 43


Paddle-wheel Steamer greatly resembles the row-galley of the ancients, p. 291

Pardessus, M., valuable work by, on the Maritime Laws of the Mediæval Nations, pp. 379-390

Pattala (near Kurachi), the most western mart of India, p. 111

Petra, the great centre of Arabian commerce, p. 95

Phœnicia, the leading maritime state at the earliest period, its average length and breadth, and mainland trade of, with the chief causes of its commercial success, pp. 4-14

Phœnicians, original seat of the, Introd. p. xxvi

——, advance of, from Persian Gulf to Mediterranean, illustrates the great law of migration westwards, p. 5

—— form the connecting link between the civilization of the East and of Europe and Western Africa, p. 6

——, the inventors of the alphabet, and the discoverers of the Cynosure or last star in the Little Bear, p. 14

——, the first to double the Cape, by order of Pharaoh Necho, B.C. 610-594, p. 80

Piracy, universal, during the long weak reign of Henry III., A.D. 1216-72, p. 395

Piræeus, port of, planned by Themistocles and executed by Pericles, p. 72

Pisa, early importance of, and trade with Saracens, p. 520

——, representation of ship on the Leaning Tower at, p. 521