- fications of the law—East India Trade and Shipping—Trade with
India in foreign and in United States ships even from English
ports—Coasting trade—Summary of the Navigation Laws. 81-109
CHAPTER V.
Progress of the changes in the Navigation Laws—Reciprocity Treaties—Austria,
July 1838—Zollverein States, August 1841—Russia, 1843—Various
anomalies, &c., then in existence—Curious effects of Registry
Laws, as regarded individuals or corporate bodies—Ship
Equador—Decision of the Queen's Bench, December 1846—Further
details: owner to reside in the United Kingdom—Naturalisation of
goods brought to Europe—Waste of capital caused thereby; and
obstructions to trade—Story of the cochineal—But the Navigation
Laws not always to blame—Special views of the Canadians—Montreal,
its shipping and trade—Navigation of the St. Lawrence—Free-trade
with the United States desired by the farmers of Canada—Negotiations
proposed—Canadians urge the abolition of Protection—Views
of Western Canada—Canadians, really, only for partial Free-trade—Improvements
of their internal navigation—Welland Canal—Cost
of freight the real question—Loss to Canada by New York
line—General summary of results as to Canada—West Indians for
Free-trade as well as Canadians—Divergent views of capitalists at
home—Liverpool and Manchester opposed 110-135
CHAPTER VI.
Witnesses examined by Mr. Ricardo's Committee: Mr. J. S. Lefevre,
Mr. Macgregor, Mr. G. R. Porter—Their extreme views not conclusive
to the Committee—Evidence adduced by the Shipowners—Ships
built more cheaply abroad—Evidence of Mr. G. F. Young, and his
general conclusions—Mr. Richmond's evidence—Asserts that shipping
is a losing trade.—Replies to the charges against Shipowners.—Views
as to captains of merchant ships.—Praises their nautical skill and
capacity.—His character of common seamen.—Attacks Mr. Porter.—Offers
valuable details of ship-building.—Is prepared to go all lengths
in favour of Protection.—His jealousy of the Northern Powers—Evidence
of Mr. Braysher, Collector of Customs in London.—General
effect of the Navigation Laws on the Customs.—With the Northern
Ports and America.—Difficulty about "manufactured" articles.—Anomalies
of the coasting and internal trade—Committee's last
meeting, July 17—General dissatisfaction with the results of the
inquiry—Commercial panic and distress of 1847—Suspension of
Bank Charter Act 136-160
