Page:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce (Volume 3).djvu/668

American merchant service offers more inducements than the English for young men to enter it, p. 17 —— generally anxious that their captains should have a share in vessels, ibid.

——, hence, secures for officers in its ships, men of superior position and attainments, ibid.

——, nature of the contracts in, between owners and captains, p. 18

——, excellent schools provided by, for training boys, ibid.

——, sailors employed in, can almost always read, write, and cypher, ibid.

——, spirit and character of the "shipping articles" usual in, as affecting seamen, owners, masters, and consignees, pp. 19-20

——, conditions about wages, in, with securities for their due payment, pp. 21-2

——, power given to the sailors employed in, to appeal to the Admiralty courts, pp. 22-3

American Navigation Laws, conditions and peculiarities of, pp. 328-9 American Seamen, Act of 1803 and 1840 with reference to the payment and discharge of, pp. 12-14 ——, general character of, p. 25 American ships (under the Navigation Law) might carry British goods to British settlements in the East Indies, p. 95 —— allowed to clear from English ports to China, while English merchants could not send a ship thither, p. 105 American Shipowners require the masters of their vessels to have knowledge of commercial pursuits as well as of navigation, p. 15 American tonnage and classification differ from that of England, p. 187 American Vessels, Masters of, far superior to those of English ships during the first half of the present century, p. 15. American War of Independence, at the commencement of, the Americans could neither import nor export, except in British ships, p. 100 Americans obtain, nearly, a monopoly of the trade between China and Great Britain in 1849, p. 290 Americans so outstripped by English sailing vessels, that English ships are often chartered to bring early teas from China to New York, pp. 418-20 Americans of the West, naturally hope for a free exit of their goods to Europe, &c., from the mouth of the St. Lawrence, p. 125 —— and the Canadians naturally desire Free-trade, p. 125 Ancel, M., discouraging report of, pp. 458-9 Ancona, Consul of, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, p. 45 Annatto, case of ship laden with, pp. 119-20. Anne, Queen, Act of, for securing sea-*faring apprentices, p. 183 Anti-Corn-Law League, object and action of, pp. 77-8 Austria, regulations of, with reference to the commanders of their merchant vessels, p. 36 ——, special Commercial Treaty made with, 1838-40, pp. 110-2 ——, details of treaty with, in 1840, valuable as showing the influence of the new civilizing power, steam, p. 111 Austria, French War with, caused a great demand for English shipping, p. 398 Bahia, the Consul at, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, pp. 47-8 Baker, Mr., Consul at Riga, reply by, to Foreign Office Circular, p. 43 Bancroft, Mr., has interviews with Lord Palmerston in the autumn of 1847, p. 163 ——, emphatic language of, at one of these, ibid.

——, doubt if he meant all he said, pp. 163-4

——, letter from, to Lord Palmerston, Nov. 3, 1847, pp. 164-5

——, communications by, to the English Government, imply complete reciprocity, p. 169

——, certain, that up to March 5, 1849, he had succeeded in deceiving both Lord Palmerston and Mr. Labouchere, p. 223