TYPES OF REDUPLICATION IN THE
SALISH DIALECTS
By Herman K. Haeberlin
INTRODUCTION
THE following paper was originally intended to be a part of a more comprehensive work on the Classification of Salish Dialects. This latter paper has been prepared by Prof. Franz Boas and the writer, and will be published by the Smithsonian Institution. The available material on Salishan reduplications was found to be too fragmentary to be embodied in that paper. I have, therefore, preferred to present it in the present form as a basis for further work on the classification of the Salish dialects from the point of view of reduplication systems. While the material lacks uniformity for the different linguistic areas, it is sufficient to point out the main problems and to present a number of interesting facts concerning linguistic differentiation in the Salish area.
My method of procedure has been to present successively the material available for the different dialects. I have done this in the order adopted by Prof. Boas in his comparative vocabularies which will be published in the above-named paper, namely, starting with the inland dialects, then taking up the coast dialects from south to north, and ending with the isolated dialects of the Bella Coola and Tillamook. The more general comparative considerations are presented in the concluding paragraphs. All of the material both published and in manuscript form has been utilized. The manuscript material is the Salish vocabularies recorded by Prof. Boas and Mr. J. Teit, Dr. Leo Frachtenberg's notes on the plural and diminutive forms in Quinault and Clallam, and finally the writer's Snohomish material, collected in the fall of 1916, and his Thompson and Shuswap forms, collected in the summer of 1917. The vocabularies and grammatical notes published by Prof. Boas and Mr. Hill-Tout are found in the following series: "British Association for the Advancement of Science," Volumes 1890, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1902; "Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland," Volumes 34, 35, 37, 41.
Most of the material collected by Mr. Teit and that collected by myself has been procured on expeditions that were made possible by the generous donations of Mr. Homer E. Sargent, who has for many years supported our researches in the Salish area. While the paper deals primarily with forms of reduplication, it was necessary also to include in many cases derivatives formed by the extension of vowels (dieresis), for in a discussion of the formation of plurals and diminutives this process cannot be separated consistently from that of reduplication. There can be no doubt that augmentative forms are very important in a consideration of the grammatical processes in question. Our material on these is, however, so meager that I was only able to cite a few more or less detached examples.
The abbreviations used are as follows:
BAAS British Association for the Advancement of Science.
JAI. Journal of the Anthropological Institute.
B. Boas.
H.T Hill-Tout.
G. Giorda (Dictionary of the Kalispelm).
Hbl. Haeberlin.
Throughout this paper x is used for the velar and x̣ for mid-palatal.
LILLOOET
Very little material is available from this dialect. The plural seems to be ordinarily
