156
��INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS
��VOL. I
��The plural-forms of the following loan-words are instructive:
ko'so 1 , PIG (cochon); pi., kocko'so Hbl.
pos, CAT; pi., pospo's Hbl.
td'kEn, CHICKEN; pi., tci'ktci'kEn Hbl.
tcai'namEn, CHINAMAN; pi., tcintcai'namEn Hbl.
mu'la, MULE; pi., mulmu'la Hbl.
ma'nta, COVER, CANVAS; pi., manma'nta Hbl.
sa'ma", WHITE MAN; pi., sEmsa'ma" Hbl.
sil (=sail) CALICO; pi., silsil Hbl.
These modern forms demonstrate that the regular plural-derivation includes the con- sonant following the stem-vowel. There are, however, a number of plurals in which the process of reduplication does not include this consonant, for example:
stsuq, PICTURE; pi., stsutsu'q B.
smo'a", COUGAR; pi., smomo'a" Hbl.
sno'ya, BEAVER; pi., snonS'ya Hbl.
sm$x*, SNAKE; pi., smEm^"* Hbl.
[In the last four examples the initial s(s) is doubtlessly a prefix.]
xazo'm, BIG (= Shuswap xayu'm), pi., xaxazo'm Hbl.
The following plural-forms show slight in- dividual peculiarities:
sqa'yux", MAN; pi., sqai"qeux u Hbl.
(Compare: dim. sqa"qeux u ) sau"ut, SLAVE; pi., so' u sau"ut Hbl. qo", WATER; pi., qo' u qo" Hbl.
(Compare: dim q6'qo')
For examples of plural-reduplication in agent nouns see: Hill-Tout: BAAS 1899,
P- 23.
The usual type of diminutive formation consists in reduplicating the stem exclusive of the consonant following the first vowel. In contradistinction to the plural reduplication the accent of the diminutives is thrown back to the reduplicating syllable. This is usually associated with the reduction of the vowel of the reduplicated syllable (see Boas: BAAS 1898, p. 29; also Hill-Tout: BAAS 1899, p. 24).
snu'koa, FRIEND; dim., nu'nkoa B. cme'its, DEER; dim., cmE'meits B. sp6e"tc, BLACK BEAR; dim., spa'paats B.
1 o= short open o.
1 = begins a and ends ai.
��pa'zulqo, LAKE; dim., pa'pzulqo Hbl.
(Compare pi; pEzpa'zulqo) sqa'xa', DOG, HORSE; dim., sqa'qxa' Hbl. smo'a", COUGAR, dim., sm5'm8a" Hbl.
(Compare pi., smomo'a") qoe'sp, BUFFALO; dim., qoi'qsp Hbl. klo'n'e', MOUSE; dim., k!ok! l n'e' Hbl. smx, SNAKE; dim., sma'ma'x Hbl. ?8'pa', TAIL; dim., so'spa' Hbl. squ'm, MOUNTAIN; dim., sqo'qum Hbl. si'tslum, BLANKET; dim., si'sts!um Hbl. smanx, TOBACCO; dim., sma'manx Hbl.
(Compare pi., smEnma'nx) kte'st, BAD; dim., k!a'k!Est Hbl. smu'tats, WOMAN; dim., smu"mlats Hbl. sno'ya, BEAVER; dim., sno"nea Hbl.
(Compare pi., snono'ya)
The following derivatives of the verb tcu'umkEn, "I work," are instructive for the different positions of the accent in the plural and the diminutive:
tcutcu'umkEn, i WORK OFTEN Teit. tcu'tcuEmkEn. i WORK A LITTLE Teit.
The reduplication of loan-words demon- strates clearly the fundamental principles underlying the formation of diminutives:
ko's3, PIG; dim., ko'k?3 Hbl. pos, CAT; dim., po'ps Hbl.
(pi., pospo's)
tci'kEn, CHICKEN; dim., tcitckEn Hbl. tcai'namEn, CHINAMAN ; dim., tca'tcainamEn Hbl. mu'la, MULE; dim., mu"mla Hbl. ma'nta, CANVAS; dim., ma'manta Hbl. $a'ma", WHITE MAN; dim., sa'sEma" Hbl.
The change in the vowel of the reduplicated syllable of the following word appears to be slightly irregular:
sqa'yux", MAN; dim., sqa"qeux u Hbl.
(Compare pi., sqai"qeux u and plural-diminu- tive, sqaqa"qayux") Hbl.
In some cases the diminutive and its deriv- ative, the plural-diminutive, is distinguished from the simplex and the plural by the closing of the terminal vocalized consonant (n, m, 1) with a glottal stop, thus:
q!o'q!umqEn", SMALL HEAD, and Hbl. q!Emq!o'q!umqEn", SEVERAL SMALL HEADS; but qlu'mqEn, HEAD and qlEmqlu'mqEn, READS xazo'm, BIG; pi., xaxazo'm, but dim., xazo'zom' and pl.-dim., xaxazo'zom' Hbl.
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