application, and rendered lithography so valuable an instrument in conveying the direct results of the artist's studies, or in reproducing facsimiles of his sketches and drawings, were invented, simplified, or adapted by Hullmandel; whilst by early associating with himself such artists as Prout, Harding, &c., he did much to raise the character of the examples set before the young student, and to improve the public taste. One of the most important of his original processes was that of lithotint, or printing in tints by means of successive stones, the high lights alone being left white. Another, less employed perhaps than it deserved, was that of "stump drawing," of which some capital examples are shown in the Studies of Harding. He also did much to advance the early progress of chromo-lithography, or printing in colours, and various other processes; and he patented a method of multiplying patterns on rollers for calico-printing; a process for producing patterns of coloured-marbles on earthenware, &c. In 1824 Mr. Hullmandel published a quarto volume, with lithographic illustrations, entitled "The Art of Drawing on Stone," in which he gave clear and precise directions for executing the various kinds of lithography then practised, and in his intercourse with young artists he was always ready to impart information respecting his later processes, and to suggest means of overcoming manipulative or other difficulties. He died November 15, 1850.—J. T—e.
HULLOCK, Sir John, a distinguished lawyer, born in 1764 at Barnard castle in the county of Durham. In 1792 he published "The Law of Costs;" and in 1797, "The Law of Costs in Civil Actions and Criminal Proceedings," 8vo, of which a second edition, in two volumes, appeared in 1810. In 1816 he became serjeant-at-law, and in 1823 succeeded Baron Wood as one of the judges of the court of exchequer. He died on the Oxford circuit at Abingdon in 1829.—G. BL.
HULLS, Jonathan, an English mechanical inventor, of whom nothing is known except his invention. Its title, as given in the specification of his patent, dated the 21st of December, 1736, is "A Machine for carrying Ships and Vessels out of or into any Harbour and River against wind and tide, or in a calm." In 1737 he published a detailed description of his invention in a pamphlet, illustrated by drawings. The original edition is very scarce, but a reprint of it has lately been issued by Messrs. Spon. The pamphlet commences with a very clear and correct summary of the scientific principles on which the invention is based. This is followed by the description of the machine, which consists of what would now be called a steam tug-boat, propelled by one paddle-wheel or "fan," as he calls it, the axis of which is supported by beams projecting over the stern, and is made to revolve by means of an apparatus of ropes and ratchet-wheels receiving motion from the piston of an atmospheric steam-engine. The details of the mechanism are described in a manner which proves Hulls to have been a man of practical skill, as well as scientific knowledge. The invention, however, was rendered useless by the mode of communicating motion from the piston to the axle, by means of ratchet-work; a mechanical combination which would soon have destroyed the engine, if not the boat, by shocks and vibration. The same defect was fatal to all the attempts at steam navigation made by Jouffroy, Miller, and others, until Symington, in 1801, applied Watt's double-acting rotative engine, with its crank, to drive the paddle-axis. Some writers, even of very recent date, have erroneously represented Hulls as proposing to communicate motion from the piston to the paddle-axis by means of a crank. It is difficult to conceive how any one who had attentively read his pamphlet could have so misconceived its meaning. Hulls does indeed mention cranks; but he proposes to use them, not to communicate motion from the piston to the axis, but to communicate motion from the axis to poles pushing against the bottom, which he proposes to use in shallow rivers instead of the fan. There is a candid and straightforward style in the pamphlet of Hulls, which conveys the impression of his having been a good and honest, as well as an ingenious man, and which increases the regret that must be felt at the total oblivion that has fallen on his personal history.—(See A Description and Draught of a new-invented Machine, &c., by Jonathan Hulls; Woodcroft on Steam Navigation; Abridgments of Specifications relating to Marine Propulsion.)—W. J. M. R.
HULME, Nathaniel, M.D., an English physician, was born at Holme Torp in Yorkshire in 1732. His elder brother. Dr. Joseph Hulme, was a physician at Halifax, and to him Nathaniel was indebted for his first rudiments in medicine. He afterwards studied at Guy's hospital, and then served for some time as a surgeon in the navy. Being stationed at Leith after the peace of 1763, he took that opportunity of prosecuting his medical studies at the university of Edinburgh, and took out his degree there. He soon after that settled in London, and at the establishment of the general dispensary was appointed the first physician to it. About 1774 he was elected physician to the Charter-house, an appointment he held during the rest of his life. Dr. Hulme published several works of considerable value; amongst others a treatise "On the Nature, Causes, and Treatment of Scurvy," and an essay "On Puerperal Fever." In 1787 he was awarded the gold medal, given by the Royal Society of Medicine in Paris, for the best treatise on the causes of the hardening of the cellular tissue to which many new-born infants are liable. He contributed besides several papers to the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, of both of which learned bodies he was a fellow. He died in 1807 from the effects of a fall, and was interred at his own request in the burial-ground of the Charter-house, followed to the grave by twenty-four physicians and surgeons, who all highly respected him.—W. B—d.
HÜLSEMANN, Johann, was born in Friesland in 1602, and in 1629 was appointed professor at Wittemberg, and in 1646 at Leipsic. In 1630 he attended a convention at Leipsic, and in 1645 he was appointed moderator of the Lutheran party at the colloquy at Thorn, where he greatly distinguished himself. He opposed the comprehensive views of Calixtus. In 1639 he had a friendly conference with Vossius on the truth of doctrine and the peace of the church. But he was the sworn enemy of the Calvinistic system, as he showed when, in 1646, he wrote "Calvinismus Irreconciliabilis." Yet he clearly exhibits the spirit of charity; for while he says on one point of the Calvinist, "that he errs there is no doubt," he adds, "but there is the greatest doubt whether he errs to his destruction." He published an account of the colloquy at Thorn and other works, including the "Method of Studying Theology," and a "Summary of Theology, setting forth the principal controversies concerning the faith," which he afterwards enlarged. He died in 1661.—B. H. C.
HULSIUS, Antony, a distinguished Dutch scholar and theologian, was born in 1615. He travelled in England and France, and resided for some years at Geneva, after which he became a minister in Breda. In 1665 he removed to Leyden, where, as professor of divinity and oriental languages, he gained a high reputation. He died in 1685. The principal works of Hulsius are "Theologia Judaica" and "Opus Catecheticum Didactico-Polemicum."—Henry, son of the foregoing, was like his father an eminent divine and professor. He was born in 1654, and died in 1723.—J. B. J.
HULSIUS, Levinus, a German mathematician and geographer. Further than that he was a native of Ghent, and resided for some time at Nuremberg, there is no record of his personal history.
HULTZ, Johann, German mediæval architect. When, in 1846, a statue was raised in honour of Erwin von Steinbach, the founder of the great tower of Cologne cathedral, the citizens of Cologne resolved to erect another in commemoration of Johann Hultz, as the completer of that mighty work. Of Johann Hultz, however, whether as architect or citizen, little or nothing certain is known. There would seem, indeed, to have been, or chronology would require, two architects of the great tower. These, German authorities suppose to have been of the same name, a father and a son; and that the former carried the work up to the spire, while the latter continued it to the finial, finishing his work in 1439, and dying about ten years later.—J. T—e.
HUMAYUN, Nesir Eddin Mohammed, the son and successor of Baber the conqueror of Hindostan, was born at Cabul in 1508, and was trained to be a most accomplished warrior and prince. During his father's lifetime he signalized himself in numerous battles; and on ascending the throne he made Delhi the seat of civilization and learning. Unfortunately he was tempted to annex the province of Gujerat to his dominions. He accomplished his object; but Bahadoor, the sultan of Gujerat, with the aid of the Portuguese, recovered his territory, and encouraged a spirit of revolt among other princes who were held in subjection by the emperor. A most formidable insurrection took place in Bahaz under an Affghan leader named Shir Khan. Humâyûn marched against the rebel, and brought him to terms; but the faithless Affghan, after solemnly agreeing to articles of
