which Innocent ordered to be publicly burned, and refused to grant canonical confirmation to all bishops appointed by the king. Notwithstanding the pope's letter praising Louis' zeal for the catholic faith in revoking the edict of Nantes, he continued to refuse the royal claim and the privilege of asylum at Rome. He died on the 12th August 1689, hated by the French and the jesuits. Innocent XI. was one of the most distinguished ecclesiastical princes. His private virtues and public conduct were exemplary, with the. exception of his rejoicing and thanksgiving at Rome at the revocation of the edict of Nantes.—S. D.
INNOCENT XII. (Antonio Pignatelli), born at Naples in 1615. Innocent XI., whom he took for his model, made him, in 1681, cardinal, bishop of Faenza, legate of Bologna, and archbishop of Naples. His election as pope took place, February 12,1691. At the beginning of his reign he endeavoured to abolish nepotism by means of a bull in 1692. His nepotes were the poor; the Lateran his hospital. The Bullarium magnum contains many rules relating to cloister discipline and the life of the secular clergy. His efforts for the restoration of discipline were so great, that scoffers boasted he had reformed the church both in its head and members. The dispute with the kings of France respecting the royal prerogative in certain dioceses was settled in his pontificate. He had various quarrels with the Emperor Leopold I. He was also involved in a quarrel with Charles II. of Spain, respecting the inquisition at Naples; but both king and pope died before it was decided. Being appealed to in the dispute between Bossuet and Fenelon, he pronounced in favour of the former; and condemned twenty-three propositions, said to be contained in Fenelon's treatise, as objectionable and offensive to pious ears. Innocent died on the 27th September, 1700. Shortly before his decease he settled a large sum on the hospital he had erected, and ordered that his goods should be sold, and the proceeds given to the poor. He was a benevolent and pious prelate.—S. D.
INNOCENT XIII. (Michael Angelo Conti), born at Rome in 1655, was elected pope, 8th May, 1721. His reign did not last quite three years. The only noticeable facts in it are his investiture of the Emperor Charles VI. with the kingdom of Naples in return for the palfrey and feudal quit-rents; and his fruitless protest against the bestowal of Parma and Piacenza as imperial fiefs. Blots on his character were the taking of the castle of Palo on the coast of the Mediterranean, which its proprietor would not sell; and his appointing a contemptible wretch to the cardinalship, out of regard for France. When the island of Malta was threatened by the Turks, he supported it vigorously. Of the jesuits he was a decided enemy; and even thought of abolishing their order. Innocent died March 7, 1724.—S. D.
INTERIANO de Ayala, Juan, a Spanish monk and miscellaneous writer, born in 1656, and died at Madrid in 1730. He was professor at Salamanca, and preacher to the king of Spain. His writings are numerous both in prose and verse; the principal is his "Pictor Christianus eruditus."
INVEGES, Agostino, a historian, born at Sciacca, Sicily, in 1595; died in Palermo in April, 1677. Entering the Society of Jesus, he became professor of philosophy and theology, but quitted the order to pursue historical and patristic studies. After searching a great number of Sicilian archives, he made it the business of his life to digest his materials into writings, many of which remain unpublished. His "Annals of Palermo," "Sicilian Carthage" (the town of Caccamo), and "History of the Terrestrial Paradise," however, appeared in print during his lifetime. Inveges sustained a very honourable private as well as literary character.—W. M. R.
INWOOD, the name of a family of English architects, consisting of a father, William, born in 1771, and two sons—Henry William, born on the 22nd of May, 1794, and Charles Frederick, born on the 28th of November, 1798. William was the son of Daniel Inwood, bailiff to the earl of Mansfield at Caenwood, near Hampstead; he died on the 16th of March, 1843. Henry William travelled for several years in Greece, studying and drawing its architectural remains, and acquiring a knowledge of classical architecture, of which he and his father and brother afterwards availed themselves in practice. He perished by shipwreck in March, 1843. Charles Frederick died in May, 1840. The most remarkable work of the Inwoods was the parish church of St. Pancras, commenced in .July, 1819, and completed in May, 1822. It is perhaps the most complete example in existence of the adaptation of the design of an ancient building to a modern purpose, being an exact copy of the combined temples of Erectheus, Minerva Polias, and Pandrosos, at Athens, with the addition only of a semicircular apse at the east end, and a belfry copied from the octagonal building at Athens called the Tower of the winds. The Inwoods were also the architects of Westminster hospital, and various other buildings. Henry Inwood was the author of some works descriptive of the Erectheum and other remains of Athenian architecture.—W. J. M. R.
IPHICRATES, a celebrated Athenian general, was the son of a shoemaker, but rose by his prudence and military talents to the highest commands, and married a daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace. He first brought himself into notice by gallantly boarding a ship of the enemy, and bringing off the captain to his own trireme. In consequence of this exploit, he obtained the command of the forces which were sent to the aid of the Bœotians after the battle of Chæronea, when he was only twenty-five years old. He distinguished himself as a strict disciplinarian, and increased the efficiency of his soldiers by substituting a small target for the heavy shield, a quilted jacket for the coat of mail, and doubling the length of the sword and spear. With troops thus employed he defeated and nearly destroyed a Lacedæmonian battalion near Corinth. In 377 b.c. he was sent with twenty thousand Greek mercenaries to aid the Persians in reducing Egypt to obedience. In 373 he defeated the Syracusan fleet at Corcyra, and in 369 he was appointed to the command of the forces voted by Athens for the aid of Sparta against Epaminondas. In the social war Timotheus, Iphicrates, and his son Menestheus were joined with Chares in the command of the fleet fitted out by the Athenians for the recovery of Byzantium; and when the three former differed from the latter in his proposal to attack the enemy's fleet during a storm, they were charged by him with treasonable intentions, recalled by the people of Athens, and publicly prosecuted. Iphicrates defended himself with great spirit; but not trusting entirely to his eloquence, he is said to have introduced into the court a body of partisans armed with daggers. When reproached with the impropriety of this proceeding, he replied, "I have long borne arms for the safety of my country, and should be a great fool not to employ them to save myself." He and Menestheus were acquitted, but Timotheus was condemned to a heavy fine. From this time (355 b.c.) Iphicrates appears to have lived in retirement, and is said to have died at a very advanced age.—G. BL.
IRAILH, Augustin Simon, a French historian and man of letters, was born at Puy in Velay in 1719, and died in 1794. Entering on an ecclesiastical career, he was made canon of Monistrol, and received other preferments. His chief work is his "Querelles Littéraires," in which he has treated a most interesting subject with becoming judgment and piquancy. Irailh also published a valuable "History of the Reunion of Brittany to France."—W. J. P.
IRBY, Frederick Paul, a distinguished naval officer, born in 1779. He entered the navy in 1791, was present at the battle of Camperdown as lieutenant of the Circe, and in 1809 was appointed captain of the Amelia, 38. After assisting in the destruction of several French frigates, the Amelia encountered her match in L'Arethuse, 40, commanded by Commodore Bouvet. The engagement took place on the 6th February, 1813, off the isle of Los, on the coast of Guinea; it lasted nearly four hours, and so terrible was the havoc and carnage on both sides, that although L'Arethuse at last sheered off, the Amelia was unable to follow. Each vessel lost in killed and wounded about one hundred and fifty men. Captain Irby himself was severely wounded in this memorable action. He was afterwards made rear-admiral, and died in 1844.—G. BL.
IRELAND, John, D.D., a dignitary of the Church of England, born at Ashburton in Devonshire, 8th September, 1761, matriculated at Oxford, and was installed dean of Westminster in 1816. With his friend, Mr. Canning, he was one of the principal literary colleagues of Mr. Gifford in the early numbers of the Quarterly Review. Among his theological works the principal is his "Paganism and Christianity compared," in a course of lectures to the king's scholars, Westminster—a learned exposition of the sufferings of the early christians, and an examination of the comparative claims of paganism and christianity. He was a munificent patron of learning, and contributed liberally to schemes of benevolence. By his will he bequeathed nearly £30,000 to the universities and hospitals. He died, 1st September, 1842, at the age of eighty-one.—P. E. D.
