degree of D.D. in 1781. He was distinguished not only as a theologian, but also as a mathematician and classical scholar; and, through the influence of Dr. Markham, archbishop of York, he obtained the appointment of tutor to the prince of Wales, afterwards George IV. He was subsequently appointed preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and a canon of Christ Church; and, on the removal of Dr. Bagot to the bishopric of Bristol in 1783, he was elected dean of his college. He refused the primacy of Ireland, which was offered to him on the death of Archbishop Newcome; and on another occasion he declined the bishopric of Oxford. He resigned the deanery of Christ Church in 1809, and died at Felpham, Sussex, in 1819.—G. BL.
JACKSON, John, an Arian divine of the Church of England, was born April 4, 1686, at Lensey in Yorkshire, where his father was rector, and was educated at Doncaster school and Jesus college, Cambridge. In 1708, after taking his B.A. degree, he entered into orders, and two years later succeeded his father in the rectory of Rossington. In 1714 he began to publish, taking side with the arianism of Dr. Samuel Clarke in three anonymous letters in defence of the "Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity"—a controversy in which he continued to take part till 1738, and to which he contributed no fewer than nine treatises. In 1718 he offered himself at Cambridge for the M.A. degree, and was rejected on account of his heretical opinions. But he had friends in high places, who did what they could to console him under this public mark of disgrace. Lord Lechmere, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, presented him with a confratership of Wigston's hospital in Leicester, the mastership of which had been bestowed by the same patron on Dr. Clarke in the preceding year. Removing his residence from Rossington to Leicester, he became afternoon preacher at St. Martin's in that city, and contrived to defeat several prosecutions which were commenced against him in the ecclesiastical courts for heresies published by him in his sermons. After the publication of Waterland's Case of the Arian Subscription, he resolved to abstain in future from all subscription of the articles; and giving up all hopes of further ecclesiastical preferment, he devoted the whole of his energies to literary labours for the rest of his life. In 1729 he succeeded Dr. Clarke in the mastership of the hospital, by the presentation of the duke of Rutland, and in this position he remained till his death in 1763. His controversial pieces were very numerous, and seemed to be about equally distributed between the Deists, who believed too little, and the bishops, who seemed to him to believe too much, though no more than as a professed minister of the Church of England he was himself bound to hold and to teach. He wrote "A Defence of Human Liberty" against Collins, and "A Defence of Human Reason" against Bishop Gibson. Tindal, Morgan, Middleton, Warburton, and Browne, bishop of Cork, were all assailed in succession by his active and litigious pen; nor did even his fellow-arian and friend William Whiston escape, with whom he held an epistolary debate on some points of Jewish antiquities touching the high priest. His best work was his last, published in 1752, the "Chronological Antiquities, or the antiquities and chronology of the most ancient kingdoms, from the creation of the world, for the space of five thousand years," &c., in 3 vols. 4to. In 1764 Memoirs of him were published by Dr. Sutton of Leicester; but neither these nor his numerous writings, though not wanting in learning, have been able to redeem him from the contemptuous reproach cast upon him by Dr. Hook in his Ecclesiastical Biography, of being "an obscure but troublesome heretic."—P. L.
JACKSON, John, R.A.: This admirable English portrait painter was, like Annibal Carracci, the son of a tailor, and he was brought up to his father's business. Jackson was born at Lastingham in Yorkshire in 1778, and he early showed such talent for art that Lord Mulgrave and Sir George Beaumont liberally purchased the unexpired period of his apprenticeship to the humble occupation to which he was bound; and Sir George enabled him in 1797 to become a student of the Royal Academy in London, by giving him a room in his own house in town, and allowing him an annuity of fifty pounds. Jackson soon attracted notice by his pencil and water-colour portraits, and ultimately attained distinction as a portrait painter in oil; and in 1817 he was elected a member of the Royal Academy. In the summer of 1819 he visited Rome, in company with Sir Francis Chantrey. Here he painted a portrait of Canova for Chantrey, and he was elected a member of the Roman Academy of St. Luke. He died at his house in St. John's Wood, London, June 1st, 1831. Jackson was a bold and effective painter, and exceedingly rapid. He is said once for a wager to have commenced and finished five male portraits in a single day. But though so skilful, it was only during the latter years of his life that he was completely employed; he used then to receive fifty guineas for a head. His most celebrated works are the portraits of Flaxman, of Canova, Lady Dover, and one of himself, all admirable in colour and in effect—that of Flaxman is particularly excellent. Jackson exhibited one hundred and forty-five portraits at the Royal Academy between the years 1804 and 1830.—R. N. W.
JACKSON, John Baptist, a celebrated English wood-engraver, who flourished in the second quarter of the eighteenth century. Most of his professional life seems to have been spent on the continent, first at Paris and afterwards at Venice. He engraved many vignettes and ornaments for books; but his celebrity is chiefly due to his engravings from drawings by the great masters, in which he endeavoured to imitate the effect of the originals by a combination of wood-blocks and metal plates, somewhat in the manner previously practised by Kirkall, another of the very few English wood-engravers who attained distinction before the time of Bewick. Neither the date of Jackson's birth nor that of his death is known; but his prints range from 1726 to 1745, in which last year appeared his master-work, a series of seventeen large cuts from drawings by the great Venetian painters, executed in his peculiar method, and entitled "Titiani Vicellii, &c., opera selectiora, a Joanne Baptista Jackson, Anglo, ligno cælata, et coloribus adumbrata."—J. T—e.
JACKSON, Joseph, type-founder, was born in Old Street, London, in 1733; and after receiving his education at Fuller's school in that neighbourhood, was apprenticed to Caslon. In 1757 he began business on his own account, and after the vicissitudes of several years, ultimately distinguished himself by cutting for Nichols, the printer, the peculiar type required for the Rolls of parliament and Domesday Book. The two volumes of the last-named valuable record were finished at the press in 1783. The fac-simile Greek types which he cut for the Alexandrian New Testament extended his fame, while Macklin's splendid edition of the Bible displayed the admirable symmetry of his English letter. Part of his middle life was spent as armourer on board a ship-of-war. He died in 1792.—R. H.
JACKSON, Robert, an eminent army surgeon, born in 1751, and died at Thursby, near Carlisle, in 1827. He served for some time in North America, and was for many years chief of the medical department of the army in the West Indies. He published several important professional works, among which may be mentioned a treatise on the fevers of Jamaica; and an exposition of the practice of affusing cold water on the body as a cure of fever. He wrote also a "Systematic View of the Formation, Discipline, and Economy of an Army," of which a third edition was published in 1845.—G. BL.
JACKSON, Thomas, D.D., was born of a respectable family at Witton in Durham in 1579. He studied at the university of Oxford, where he graduated. About 1622 he became vicar of the church of St. Nicholas at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. At that period the theological opinions of Jackson were in harmony with the Calvinism of the puritans; but under the influence and by the bad example of the unprincipled courtier Neile, who was then bishop of Durham, he began to favour a laxer creed. Neile adopted him his chaplain, and was so well satisfied with him in that capacity, that he recommended him to the notice of Laud, and thus procured him an appointment as president of Corpus Christi, Oxford. This was followed by his nomination as chaplain to Charles I., and by his being chosen prebendary of Winchester, and then dean of Peterborough. It is said that he was generous, charitable, and humane; that his religion was real and exemplary; and that he lived separate from the world. He is also reputed to have been well versed in languages and general literature, and to have been specially acquainted with the fathers and theological writers. We cannot but regard this praise as somewhat exaggerated; but, at the same time, Jackson must be placed, morally, religiously, and intellectually, before most of those with whom he was associated. He found time to compose a number of works, including a commentary upon the creed, and commentaries upon the scriptures. His whole works were collected and published in three large folio volumes in 1673, with a memoir prefixed. Jackson died in 1640, and his life was written by David Lloyd.—B. H. C.
