progress in piety was as eminent as his learning." After taking orders he was chosen lecturer at St. Nicholas Acons, London, and was subsequently, in 1641, appointed minister of Christ Church, Newgate Street. To this appointment was added, a few months later, the lectureship of St. Ann's, Blackfriars, and he continued to fulfil the duties of this double charge with great popularity and success till the destruction of the monarchy. Soon after he was sent to the Tower on a charge of being implicated in what was called Love's plot, but upon a petition to parliament was discharged from prison, and the sequestration of his living removed. This paved the way for his return to Christ Church, where he continued to exercise his ministry to a crowded congregation till the Restoration and the Act of uniformity. Finding himself unable to comply with the terms of the act, he withdrew from his ministry in the national church, but still continued to preach privately in London as he had opportunity, till the passing of the Oxford five-mile act obliged him to retire to his own house at Langley in Hertfordshire. Upon the publication of the Indulgence in 1671 he returned to London, and took advantage of it to erect a meeting-house in Jewin Street, in which he was soon surrounded by a numerous auditory. He was also chosen lecturer at Pinner's hall. Apprehended at "a conventicle" held September 2, 1684, he was thrown into Newgate, where he breathed his last on the 19th of January, 1685. His publications were few—he was a preacher, not a writer. Three of his sermons appeared in the Morning Exercise, and his "Expository Lectures on the Epistle of Jude" were published in 2 vols. 4to.—P. L.
JENKIN, Robert, born at Minster, Isle of Thanet, in 1656; educated at Cambridge. He was master of John's in 1711, and also Margaret professor of divinity, &c. He joined the nonjurors on the accession of William III., which involved him in no small trouble and inconvenience, under which his mind eventually broke down, and he died in 1727 an intellectual wreck. His most popular work is the "Reasonableness of the Christian Religion," of which six editions were printed. He also wrote a "Defence of Saint Augustine," in Latin; "On the Authority of General Councils," &c.—B. H. C.
JENKINS or JENKYNS, David, was born at Pendoylen, Glamorganshire, in 1586, and educated at Edmund hall, Oxford, whence he removed to Gray's inn to complete the study of law. Charles I. appointed him a judge in Wales, and he held the office at the commencement of the civil war. He sided with the royalists, was arrested at Hereford in 1645 by the parliamentarians, brought to the bar of the house of commons, refused to kneel or to acknowledge the authority of the house, which he called a den of thieves, was condemned to be hanged, and vowed that he would go to execution with the Bible in one hand and Magna Charta in the other. His life is said to have been saved by a droll speech of Harry Marten; but he was fined £1000 and sent to Newgate. He was set at liberty at the Restoration, but was too far advanced in years to enter again on active service, and retired to Wales, where he died. In 1648 he published a volume of works, containing among other political writings his defence before parliament; also in 1648, "A Preparative to the Treaty with the King." His principal literary work was a volume of "Reports solemnly adjudged in the Exchequer Chamber, or upon writs of error, from 4 Henry III. to 21 James I." The first edition, of date 1661, was published in French.—P. E. D.
JENKINS, Henry, shares with old Parr the distinction of having been the oldest Englishman that ever lived. The only account extant of his life is that by Mrs. Ann Saville printed in the third volume of the Philosophical Transactions. In reply to the questions of that lady, of whom he came to beg alms in 1663, he said he was one hundred and sixty-two or sixty-three years old, that he remembered Henry VIII. and the battle of Flodden, when he said he was a boy between ten and twelve, and was sent with a horse-load of arrows to Northallerton. His mention of incidental facts connected with Henry's reign, taken together with his inability to read or write, seemed to confirm his statement, although no register of his birth was known to exist. He had been butler to Lord Conyers, and well remembered the abbot of Fountains abbey prior to the dissolution of monasteries. He died at Ellerton-upon-Swale in Yorkshire in December, 1670, and was buried at Bolton, where a monument was erected to his memory. If born twelve years before Flodden Field, that is, in 1501, he must have attained to the age of one hundred and sixty-nine years, sixteen years more than Parr. In the exchequer office there is a record of a deposition by Jenkins, when one hundred and fifty-seven years old, taken at Kettering in 1665 in a cause between Anthony Clark and Smirkson.—R. H.
JENKINS, Sir Leoline, an eminent civilian and diplomatist, was born in Glamorganshire about 1623. He was studying at Jesus college, Oxford, when the civil war broke out, and he threw in his lot with the king's party. After the execution of Charles, he was a distinguished teacher of young gentlemen of royalist families, and became an object of suspicion to the authorities. At one time he withdrew with his pupils to the continent, and kept a kind of "moving academy," migrating with them from university to university, so that they reaped the advantages at once of study and of foreign travel. After the Restoration he was appointed principal of Jesus college, Oxford, and among other offices soon bestowed on him, was that of deputy-professor of civil law at Oxford. Patronized by Sheldon, archbishop of Canterbury, he became an advocate in the court of arches in 1663, and deputy-assistant to the dean, a post which brought him under the notice of the government. On the breaking out of the war with Holland, he was appointed one of a commission to revise our maritime laws, and to draw up a new code of rules for the guidance of the court of admiralty in adjudicating prizes. The code which resulted was the basis of the subsequent procedure of that important court. In time he became principal judge of the court of admiralty, and in that capacity gained the favour of Charles II., who employed him in the adjustment of the affairs of Henrietta Maria, the widow of Charles I., and of the claims to the inheritance of her property, made after her death by her nephew, Louis XIV. Successful in this mission to Paris, Jenkins was knighted, entered the house of commons in 1671 as member for Hythe, and was forthwith employed in various important affairs of state. Resigning his principalship of Jesus college, Oxford, he was, with Sir William Temple, one of the "mediators" to negotiate a peace at Nimeguen, and was appointed Temple's successor as ambassador-extraordinary at the Hague. After a few weeks of ambassadorship, resuming his mediatorial function, he had the satisfaction of seeing the peace of Nimeguen at last negotiated. After an absence of more than four years he returned to England, was elected one of the members for the university of Oxford, sworn a privy councillor, and appointed secretary of state. In parliament and in office, he seems to have played a rather independent part, earnestly opposing the exclusion bill, yet protesting against the arbitrary measures of the court. He resigned in 1684, and died the following year bequeathing considerable property to his college. His works (correspondence, legal papers, &c.) were published in 1724 by Mr. Wynne, who prefixed a memoir of their author. Sir Leoline Jenkins is still regarded with respect as one of the founders of English prize-law.—F. E.
JENKINSON, Charles, first earl of Liverpool, son of Colonel Charles Jenkinson, and grandson of Sir Robert Jenkinson, first baronet, was born in May, 1727, and received his early education at the Charter-house. He then went to University college, Oxford, where already he took an active part in politics, figuring personally and with his pen in an electioneering contest for the representation of Oxfordshire. Lord Harcourt, "governor" to George III. when prince of Wales, introduced him to the favourite, Lord Bute, whose private secretary he became. At the commencement of the new reign he was elected member for Cockermouth, and appointed under-secretary of state. Rising steadily, he became successively secretary to the treasury, a lord of the admiralty, a lord of the treasury, joint vice-treasurer of Ireland, and in 1778 secretary for war, which office he filled until the fall of Lord North in 1782. An adherent of Mr. Pitt, he was appointed, on that statesman's accession to the premiership, president of the board of trade, a congenial office of which he discharged the duties with great skill and success up to 1801, when age and ill-health forced him to resign. He was elevated to the peerage as Baron Hawkesbury in 1786, and made earl of Liverpool in 1796. He died in 1808. The first Lord Liverpool was not only a conspicuous politician, but a writer on politics. In 1756 he published "A Discourse on the establishment of a national and constitutional force in England;" in 1757, "A Discourse on the conduct of Great Britain in respect to neutral nations during the present war;" in 1785, "A Collection of Treaties from 1648 to 1784;" and in 1805, "A Treatise on the coins of the realm, in a letter to the king." The "Discourse on the conduct of Great Britain," &c., went through many
