home. Johnston was again with his regiment in the battles of Tarbes and Toulouse in the beginning of 1814. At the battle of Quatre Bras on the 16th of June, 1815, he was wounded slightly; and at Waterloo on the 18th of the same month he was wounded more severely. Though assured by high authority that he had only to go through the form of making an application in order to obtain promotion, he never could be persuaded to do so; and he only became major by seniority in 1829. On the 2nd August, 1831, he retired on half pay; but in 1833 he longed for active employment again, and applied for and obtained the office of stipendiary magistrate at the Cape of Good Hope—an unhealthy service which brought on disease of the heart. He died, when only a week at sea, on the 6th April, 1836, the twenty-fourth anniversary of Badajos.—D. R.
JOHNSTONE, Bryce, D.D., a Scottish divine, was born in 1747 at Annan in Dumfriesshire, and was educated at the university of Edinburgh, which conferred on him the degree of D.D. in 1786. He was licensed as a preacher in connection with the established church in 1771, and was ordained minister of the parish of Holywood in Dumfriesshire. He died in 1805. His published works are "A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John," 2 vols. 8vo; "An Essay on the Influence of Religion on Civil Society and Civil Government;" "A General View of the Agriculture of Dumfriesshire," drawn up for the board of agriculture in 1794. Some detached sermons and a posthumous volume were published in 1807.—J. T.
JOHNSTONE, the Chevalier de, an active partisan of the exiled Stewart dynasty, was the son of an Edinburgh merchant, and was born in 1720. When the rebellion of 1745 broke out, he joined the jacobite standard, and was appointed aid-de-camp to Lord George Murray. He also acted as assistant aid-de-camp to Prince Charles Stewart, and received a captain's commission after the battle of Prestonpans. After the final overthrow of the insurgents at Culloden, Johnstone remained for some time in concealment, and ultimately made his escape to Holland. He subsequently entered the French service, and acted for some time in Canada as aid-de-camp to the commander-in-chief of the French forces in that country. On the conquest of Canada by the British, Johnstone returned to France, where he spent the remainder of his chequered life. He wrote in French, "Memoirs of the Rebellion in 1745 and 1746," an English edition of which was published in 1820.—J. T.
JOHNSTONE, George, Governor, was the third son of Sir James Johnstone of Westerhall. He entered the navy at an early age, and attained the rank of master and commander in 1760. Two years later he was made post-captain, and in 1763 was appointed governor of West Florida. After his return home he was elected member for Cockermouth, and subsequently for Appleby; and in 1771 fought a duel with Lord George Germaine, in consequence of some reflections which he had made in parliament on Lord George's conduct. In 1778 Johnstone was nominated, along with Lord Carlisle and Mr. Eden, one of the commissioners who were sent to treat with the Americans, and to offer liberal terms of peace; but congress refused to hold any conference with them, unless as a preliminary they should acknowledge the independence of the United States; so that they were compelled to return home without accomplishing their errand. Governor Johnstone subsequently took a deep interest in the affairs of the East India Company, and was noted for his violent attacks on Lord Clive. He published in 1771 a work entitled "Thoughts on our Acquisitions in the East Indies," 1 vol. 8vo. He died in 1787.—J. T.
JOHNSTONE, James, an eminent physician, who was born at Annan in 1730, and studied at Edinburgh and Paris. On taking the degree of M.D. in 1750, he published an able thesis, "De Aëris factitii imperio in corpore humane." He afterwards settled at Kidderminster, and in 1758 published a treatise, "On the Malignant Epidemic Fever of 1756," &c., which was known as the Kidderminster fever, having raged there with peculiar virulence for several years. Dr. Johnstone was remarkably successful in the treatment of this disorder, and was the first who employed hydrochloric acid gas, then known as spirit of salt, to counteract contagion. Some valuable medical essays which he contributed to the Philosophical Transactions and other journals, appeared in a collected form in 1795. He latterly removed to Worcester, where he died in 1802.—G. BL.
* JOINVILLE, François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie D'Orleans, Prince de, third son of Louis Philippe, was born on the 14th of August, 1818, at the chateau of Neuilly. Educated like his elder brothers at the college Henri Quatre, he entered the navy and cruised as a subaltern in various parts of the world. He first distinguished himself in the November of 1838 (when he had attained the rank of capitaine de corvette), by his intrepid bravery both in the sea and in the land attack on San Juan de Ulloa, the fortress of Vera Cruz. For his services on this occasion he received the cross of the legion of honour, and was made a capitaine de vaisseau. In the July of 1840 he left Toulon with two frigates for St. Helena, to bring back to France, with the permission of the English government, the remains of the first Napoleon. This enterprise, of which the prince, like his father, little contemplated the ultimate results, was completed on the following 5th of December, when he occupied the place of honour in the cortége which accompanied to the Invalides the funeral car containing the remains of the great emperor. In 1842 the prince de Joinville proceeded to Rio de Janeiro, and in the May of 1843 he married there a Brazilian princess, daughter of Dom Pedro I., sister of Dom Pedro II., emperor of Brazil, and the inheritress of vast estates and wealth. Soon after attaining his parliamentary majority, he entered in the December of 1843 the chamber of peers, in the oratory of which his nautical training had not qualified him to shine, nor did he distinguish himself in its debates. In the following year he was called on to act in a more congenial sphere. In the French war of 1844 with Morocco, the prince de Joinville commanded the naval division which bombarded Tangier, 6th August, and, 15th August, performed the series of operations which terminated in the occupation of the island of Mogador. It was in the May of this year, that in default of parliamentary oratory, the prince de Joinville produced a European sensation by the publication of his "Note sur les forces navales de la France," contrasting the inferior naval force of France with the superior one of England, and that in terms by no means too friendly to this country. The prince demanded the construction of war-steamers, and from the appearance of his pamphlet dates the creation of France's steam-navy. He is understood to have been behind the scenes one of the most ardent opponents of the pacific policy of M. Guizot, especially in the "affaire Pritchard." A remarkable letter, published in the Revue Retrospective after the revolution of 1848, addressed from Spezzia on the 7th of November, 1847, to his brother the duke de Nemours, shows how warmly and how uselessly he had opposed the whole later policy of Louis Philippe. The prince de Joinville was at Algiers when the revolution of February, 1848, broke out, and he immediately left it for England, between which and Brazil he has since alternated his residence, carefully abstaining in the meantime, it would seem, from participation in political intrigues. His "Note" formerly referred to, and another disquisition, "Etude sur l'escadre de la Mediterrannée," were republished together as "Essais sur la Marine Française." He has also contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes, an interesting paper, "La Guerre de China en 1857."—F. E.
JOINVILLE, Jean or Jehan, Sire de, one of the oldest and most interesting of the French chroniclers, was born in 1224. He belonged to an illustrious family of Champagne, descended in direct male line from Godfrey de Bouillon. His mother, Beatrice, daughter of the duke of Burgundy, was cousin to Frederick II., emperor of Germany. Several of his ancestors had distinguished themselves in the crusades, and one of them, Geoffrey, was so highly esteemed by Richard Cœur-de-Lion that Richard conferred on him the right of quartering the arms of England on his escutcheon. Joinville was brought up at the court of the count of Champagne, and there probably acquired some of the qualities that afterwards made him the trusted friend and special favourite of St. Louis. With the crusade of 1248 Joinville is for ever identified by the inimitable chronicle in which he narrates its history. When St. Louis resolved on the crusade, Joinville took part in the expedition, followed by nine knights. He embarked at Marseilles in August, 1248, met the king at Cyprus, and was taken into his service. In the spring they sailed for Egypt, and disembarked at Damietta. After spending some time there, the army advanced to Babylon (Baboul, near old Cairo), where Joinville was placed in command of the castles, and encountered the Greek fire, of which he gives a graphic description. Advancing to Massourah, the crusaders began to experience the first portion of their terrible disasters; and Joinville, who fought magnificently in the battle of Massourah,
