On one occasion he preached a sermon to his flock in a room overlooking the market-place, where at the very instant several protestants were suffering martyrdom, while the light from the flames in which these brethren of the faith were burning was flickering on the glass windows of the conventicle. He was highly esteemed and trusted by the leading protestant nobles in the Netherlands, and in 1566, on the wedding-day of Parma, was invited to Brussels to preach a sermon in the house of Count Calemberg before a small assembly of some twenty gentlemen, who in his presence formed a league against "the barbarous and violent inquisition." His zealous labours, which contributed greatly to the extension of the protestant faith, rendered him obnoxious to the inquisition, and many unsuccessful efforts were made by the emissaries of that blood-thirsty tribunal to obtain possession of his person. He next removed to Limbourg, from which he was also driven by the machinations of the priests and monks. He took refuge at Heidelberg, and was appointed minister of a small church in the vicinity of that town. In 1568 he was sent by the elector palatine, Frederick III., on a mission to the prince of Orange, whom he accompanied in the capacity of chaplain during his expedition to Holland. On the failure of this enterprise Junius resumed his pastoral duties, which he continued to discharge till 1573, when the elector palatine invited him to Heidelberg, for the purpose of employing him conjointly with Tremellius in translating the Old Testament into Latin. In 1578 he was appointed professor of theology in the new college founded by the elector at Neustadt. He was subsequently sent to Otterburg to establish a protestant church. After remaining there eighteen months he returned to Neustadt, whence he was transferred to the theological chair at Heidelberg. He afterwards accompanied the duke of Bouillon into France, and was despatched by Henry IV. on a mission to Germany. On reaching Leyden on his journey back to France, he was induced by the magistrates of that city to accept the chair of theology in their university, the duties of which he discharged with great ability for ten years. He died of the plague in 1602. Francis Junius was a man of great learning and energy, and though not distinguished for profound and original thought, he possessed a sound judgment and an amiable disposition. Though living in an intolerant age, he was remarkable for his tolerant spirit. He was the author of commentaries on the first three chapters of Genesis; on Ezekiel, Daniel, and Jonah; on the Epistle of Jude and the Apocalypse; Sacred Parallels; a translation of the Old Testament, of the Acts of the Apostles, and of the Epistles to the Corinthians and the Apocryphal Books; a Hebrew Lexicon and Grammar; Notes on the Epistles of Cicero to Atticus, &c., and an immense number of theological and controversial treatises.—J. T.
JUNIUS, Francis, son of the preceding, was born at Heidelberg in 1589, and was educated at Leyden. His early training was directed towards fitting him for the military profession; but the peace of 1609, having put an end to his hopes of preferment in that career, he turned his attention towards literature and theology, which he studied most assiduously during the succeeding ten years. About the year 1620 he passed over to England, where he henceforth fixed his residence, and became librarian to Thomas earl of Arundel. During the thirty years in which he held this office, he became profoundly skilled in the science of philology, and devoted himself with special attention to the study of the Anglo-Saxon language and to the comparison of it with all the cognate dialects of Northern Europe. During a visit to his family in 1650 he learned that the inhabitants of a small district of Friesland spoke a curious dialect, quite different from that of their neighbours. He devoted two years' diligent labour on the spot to the composition of a grammar and dictionary of that tongue, which he found to be a derivative of the Saxon. It proved of great use to him in his subsequent researches. Junius returned to England in 1675, and in the following year took up his residence at Oxford, with the intention of spending the remainder of his life in that learned retreat. But in August, 1677, he was induced to pay a visit to his nephew Isaac Vossius, canon of Windsor, and died there in the November following in the eighty-eighth year of his age. Junius was a man of simple manners and tastes, and of the most laborious industry. Study was his only pleasure, and he lived almost entirely among his books, spending fourteen hours a day in literary labours. Notwithstanding this sedentary life, he enjoyed excellent health, and was of a cheerful and social disposition. His works are numerous and valuable. The principal of them are—"De Pictura Veterum," 1637, which was translated into English under the title of "The Painting of the Ancients;" "Observationes in Willerami Paraphrasin Francicam Cantici Canticorum," 1655; "Annotationes ad harmoniam latino-francicam quatuor evangelistarum latine a Tatiam confectam," 1655; "Cædemonis Paraphrasis poetica Geneseos," 1655; "Etymologicum Anglicanum," published from his papers by Edward Lye in 1743, the most useful of all his works, and which has been of great service to Johnson and other English lexicographers, as it investigates with remarkable acuteness and learning the Saxon origin of many words in the English language; and a "Glossarium Gothicum," in five languages, which Dr. Fell, bishop of Oxford, caused to be transcribed for the press. We are also indebted to Junius for the publication, illustrated by many learned and valuable notes, of a facsimile of the celebrated Silver Book, which contains a Gothic version of the gospels made by Bishop Ulphilas for the use of the Goths who inhabited the provinces of Mœsia and Thrace, and is regarded as by far the most precious relic of the Gothic tongue. Junius formed a valuable collection of MSS., which he bequeathed to the Bodleian library at Oxford, and the university in return erected a monument to his memory.—J. T.
JUNOT, Andoche, Duke d'Abrantès, a general of the first French empire, was born in the September or October of 1771, at Bussy-les-Forges, where his father seems to have held some judicial appointment. He was a clever but quarrelsome boy. The revolution of 1789 found him a student of law at the college of Chatillon, and two years later he enlisted in a battalion of volunteers, raised in the department of Cote-d'Or, to which Chatillon belongs. From his stormy daring he was nicknamed "La Tempête" by his comrades, who elected him by acclamation a sergeant, after the performance of some courageous feat. At the siege of Toulon he attracted the notice of the young Bonaparte. Tradition says that Napoleon was dictating a despatch to him when a bomb burst beside them, scattering sand and earth over the paper. Junot's only recognition of the event was the remark—"Good! we had no sand to dry our paper with, and here is some." With the capture of Toulon, Junot was promoted and made first aid-de-camp of Napoleon, to whom he was now devoted. In the ensuing eclipse of Napoleon's fortunes Junot aided him with his purse, and at one time wished to marry Pauline, the sister of the future emperor. As aid-de-camp he accompanied Napoleon to Italy in 1796, was present at the chief battles of that campaign, and severely wounded at Lonato. He had entered the light cavalry, and rose rapidly to be chef d'escadron, and then colonel. In the Eastern campaign of 1799, he distinguished himself specially at the engagement at Nazareth by holding at bay for fourteen hours, and with a little force of three hundred cavalry, ten thousand Turkish soldiers. Now a general of brigade, he was detained in Egypt by wounds received in a duel, and did not reach Marseilles until the day after Marengo. Appointed commandant of Paris, he married Mademoiselle Permon (see Junot, Laura), was made a general of division, and sent to Arras to command the grenadiers of the so-called "army of England." Colonel-general of hussars with the establishment of the empire, he was sent as ambassador to Lisbon, much against his will. A blunt soldier he had no relish for diplomacy. In the October of 1805, he joined, unauthorized, Napoleon in Germany, and distinguished himself at Austerlitz. In the July of 1806 he was made governor of Paris, and commander of the first military division; now becoming noted for his extravagant and luxurious habits. Before the arrival of winter he was despatched to take the command of the army which was collected at Salamanca in the early days of November, 1806, for the invasion of Portugal. His march traversing the mountain-ranges of Beyra, was a difficult one, and the army suffered great privations. Junot, however, exerted himself successfully, reached Abrantès (which afterwards gave a title to his dukedom) on the 23rd of November, rallied a portion of his exhausted army, and with fifteen hundred men boldly marched upon Lisbon. For his great activity, his reorganization of his army, and capture of the principal strongholds of the kingdom, he was created Duke d'Abrantès, and governor-general of Portugal. But his was not the disposition to conciliate the Portuguese. He held his ground, however, up to the breaking out of the Spanish insurrection, when the
