manœuvre of breaking the enemy's line has been claimed. Sir Howard Douglas made choice of the military profession at an early age; took part in the disastrous Walcheren expedition, was present at the battle of Corunna, and served under Wellington during the greater part of the Peninsular war. In 1823 he was appointed governor of New Brunswick, an office which he held for six years. He was lord high-commissioner of the Ionian Islands from 1835 to 1840, and from 1842 to 1847 represented Liverpool in parliament. He attained the rank of general in 1851, and was appointed colonel of the 15th regiment of foot. Sir Howard was the author of several important works connected with his profession. In 1816 he published an "Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges, and the Passage of Rivers in Military Operations." He was also the author of a "Treatise on Naval Gunnery," 4th edition, 1895; "Observations on Carnot's Fortification;" "Considerations on the Value and Importance of the British and North American Provinces;" "Naval Evolutions," and a vindication of his father's claim to the manœuvre above referred to. He died November, 1861.—J. T.
DOUGLAS, John, Bishop of Salisbury, born at Pittenweem in Fifeshire in 1721, was educated at the parish school of Dunbar; and at the age of fifteen became a commoner of St. Mary's hall, Oxford. After being ordained deacon, he joined, as chaplain, a regiment in active service in Flanders, with which he was present at the battle of Fontenoy, 1745. Returning to Oxford shortly afterwards, he took priest's orders, and was presented to the curacy of Tilehurst, near Reading, which he subsequently exchanged for that of Dunster in Oxfordshire. In 1749, the earl of Bath, in whose family he had been tutor, presented him to the chapelry of Eaton-Constantine and the donative of Uppington in Shropshire, and afterwards the vicarage of High Ercal. In 1750 he came before the public as the defender of Milton against the aspersions of Lander, whose attempt to prove the great epic poet a mere plagiarist was then exciting attention to a degree quite proportioned to its boldness, but ridiculously beyond the literary merits of the essay in which the charge was developed. Douglas' rejoinder to this vapid performance was the work of a man of taste, scholarship, and logical acumen; it was entitled "Milton no Plagiary, or a Detection of the forgeries in Lauder's essay." In 1754 he published his "Criterion, or Miracles examined," an essay in which he powerfully and compendiously answered the objections of Hume. This was followed by two pamphlets against the Hutchinsonians, and by four tracts against Bower's History of the Popes, which, according to his showing, was a despicable translation from a popish history. In 1760 he was appointed one of the king's chaplains, and two years afterwards dean of Windsor. In 1787 he was raised to the see of Carlisle, and in 1791 transferred to that of Salisbury. His death occurred in 1807. Besides the publications above mentioned. Bishop Douglas left a great number of miscellaneous works, a selection from which, with a memoir of the author, was published by the Rev. W. Macdonald in 1820.—J. S., G.
DOUGLAS, Robert, a distinguished Scottish clergyman of the true national type, who lived during the seventeenth century. He was for a considerable time chaplain to the Scottish brigade in the army of Gustavus Adolphus during the Thirty Years' war, and was held in high esteem by that monarch for his wisdom and courage. In 1641 he was appointed one of the ministers of Edinburgh, and frequently preached before the parliament during the civil war. He was moderator of the general assembly in 1649, and was usually a member of the standing committee of that body. He officiated at the coronation of Charles II., January 1, 1651, and became the leader of the resolutioners, or moderate party in the church. At the Restoration, when the court had resolved upon the overthrow of the presbyterian system in Scotland, it is said that a bishopric was pressed upon Douglas, but indignantly refused by him. Kirkton says that Sharp, on his return from London, where he had betrayed the presbyterian cause, affected to have no desire for the archbishopric of St. Andrews, and pressed the acceptance of the office upon Douglas, who answered, he would have nothing to do with it. Sharp insisted, and urged him. Douglas repeated his refusal, on which Sharp arose to take his leave. Douglas accompanied him to the door. "James," said he, "I perceive you are clear. I see you will engage—you will be bishop of St. Andrews. Take it;" and laying his hand upon Sharp's shoulder, he added, "and the curse of God with it." "The subject," says Sir Walter Scott, "might suit a painter."—J. T.
DOULETSCHAH, Ben Ala ad Doulet ben Baktischah al Gazias Samarkandi, a Persian biographer, was born about the middle of the fifteenth century at Ispahan, and was left early an orphan. He studied life under an eminently "social" point of view—having a strong desire to do nothing. A beggar's life was, in his opinion, too much work, and "he thought it infinitely more troublesome to be a thief than an honest man." After much reflection, he decided in favour of contemplative philosophy. He dearly loved "meditation," and his greatest pleasure in the world was stargazing. Unfortunately the "Diogenes of the East" found himself one fine day, in the midst of his meditations, in great danger of starvation. His scientific acquirements, however, at last obtained him admittance to the court of the shah, and his later years were spent in ease and comfort. His principal work is the "Redzkiret Al Schodras," being a series of original memoirs of one hundred and forty Persian, and six Arabian poets; translated into Latin by Vullers, and into Turkish in the Ship of Poets.—Ch. T.
DOURIS of Samos was born about 340 b.c., and died about 270 b.c. Douris' family were natives of Samos. His father and grandfather were of military rank. The inhabitants of Samos were dispossessed by Athenian settlers in the year 352 b.c., and allowed to return, by a decree of Alexander the Great, in 324 b.c. In the interval Douris was born. Before Alexander's decree he had succeeded in obtaining a prize at the Olympic games. He and his father attended at Athens the classes of Theophrastus. On his return to Samos we find him sovereign of the island. He wrote some works of criticism and of history. Fragments of a historical work relating to the affairs of Greece, from 370 to 281 b.c. have been preserved. He is now and then cited by Plutarch, who, however, seldom mentions him without expressing doubts of his veracity. His work was published by Halleman, Utrecht, 1841, and by C. Müller, in Didot's Historicorum Græcorum Fragmenta.—J. A., D.
DOUSA: the Latinized name of a family, the following members of which figured in the political and literary history of the Netherlands:—
Dousa, Janus, or Jan Van der Does, Lord of Noordwyck, a celebrated Dutch scholar and statesman, was born at the village of Noordwyck in 1545, and died there in 1604. He lost his parents when very young. On his return in 1565 from Paris, whither he had gone to complete his education, he married, and immediately took part in the stirring scenes which were then beginning to be enacted. His name stands in the list of those who in that year banded themselves together, for the purpose of throwing off the Spanish yoke. He was one of the deputation whom the Dutch patriots sent to request the aid of Elizabeth of England, and behaved himself so well at the siege of Leyden in 1574, that the prince of Orange made him governor of that city. He was also the first curator of the university founded there by William, an office for which he was peculiarly well fitted on account of his prodigious learning and other conspicuous excellencies. After the assassination of William, 10th July, 1584, Dousa came over to England in a private manner to solicit aid in behalf of the popular cause, and in the following year was employed in a public mission for the same end. He was appointed keeper of the archives of Holland in 1585. During the oppressive administration of Leicester his wisdom and moderation were very conspicuous. On his being appointed a member of the sovereign council in 1591, he removed his residence to the Hague, leaving his eldest son in charge of the public library at Leyden. Dousa made a very considerable figure in the republic of letters. He composed the annals of his country both in prose and verse, for which the states presented him with a golden chain. He also wrote critical notes on Horace, Sallust, Plautus, Catullus, Tibullus, &c. As a man he was modest, humane, affable, and benevolent, and is well worthy of being remembered amongst the noble band of patriots who achieved the liberties of the Netherlands. His funeral oration was pronounced by the celebrated Daniel Heinsius.—(Hein. Orat. xxx.).
Dousa, Jan, the younger, eldest son of the preceding, was born either at Noordwyck or at Leyden in 1571. He was appointed tutor to her son, Frederic Henry, by the widow of William I., and obtained the office of librarian to the university of Leyden in 1591. He died in 1596. J. J. Scaliger wrote an affectionate epicedium on him. The best edition of his poems, Greek, Latin, and Dutch, is that of Rabus, Rotterdam, 1704.
