equally careful of effect in producing an exact likeness, and in giving to his work an air of elegance and perfect finish.—R. M.
DREVET, Pierre, son of the preceding, also distinguished as an engraver, was born at Paris in 1697, and died in 1739. He surpassed his father, who was his only instructor, in the very qualities on which the elder Drevet had built his fame, being even more successful in imparting an air of elegance and exquisite finish to his portraits. In the historical subjects which he occasionally attempted, he exhibited a boldness and vigour of style, which ranked him with the first masters of his art. His portrait of Bossuet is regarded as one of the finest specimens of careful and beautiful engraving.—R. M.
DREW, Samuel, an able writer upon philosophical and theological subjects, who began life as a shoemaker in Cornwall, was born in 1765, and died in 1833. Till his twenty-first year, when he commenced business on his own account in his native place, St. Austell, he was a freethinker; but about that period his attention was turned to religious subjects by the preaching of Dr. Clarke, and in course of time, coming round to the views of the methodist body, he joined their communion. With a determination and energy which carried him through the greatest difficulties, he now applied himself to the cultivation of his mental powers, beginning with the study of astronomy; then turning to history; and finally finding his tastes completely gratified in the discussion of philosophical and theological questions. He published successively a "Refutation of Paine's Age of Reason;" an "Essay on the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul;" and a "Treatise on the Being and Attributes of God." In 1819, becoming editor of the Imperial Magazine, he quitted business, removed to Liverpool, and afterwards to London. The "Essay on the Soul," a treatise of great merit, and, considered as the production of an artisan, one of the most remarkable books in the language, has been translated into French.—J. S., G.
DREWSON, Johan Christian, a Danish paper manufacturer and agriculturist, born on the 23rd of December, 1777, at Strandmöllen, a paper-mill near Copenhagen, to which place his ancestors had been brought by the queen of Christian V. for the management of the paper works there, and which in consequence became the family property. After having from 1801 to 1808 served as lieutenant in his country's militia, Drewson entered in 1810 upon the management of the paper-mills, on the death of his father. In order practically to understand, and thus be able to avail himself of the improvements which other nations had made in the manufacture of paper, as well as in agriculture in which he was deeply interested, he spent several years in travel. By this means he enabled himself to produce paper in Denmark of a quality superior to what had hitherto been known there, and at the same time introduced equal improvements as a practical agriculturist. His first experiments, in the improved modes of agriculture, were on a farm of his own a few miles from Strandmöllen, and here he exemplified by his own practice the utility of those important changes which he was so desirous of introducing. Without going into any detail of his useful labours, we will simply enumerate some of the many works by which he promulgated his valuable knowledge. In 1813 he published "Nogle Erfaringer angaaende Vexeldrift, forenet med Brakfrugtavl og Sommerstaldfodring," for which he received the silver medal from the Danish Society of Rural Economy. From 1807 to 1813 he contributed to Olussen's Oekonomiske Annaler. In connection with pastor Ronne, and consul F. de Coninck, Drewson published in 1814 "Landoekonomiske Tidender," and in 1818 and 1819 continued the work himself, publishing the eighth and ninth volumes; and under the title of "Nye landoekonomiske Tidender," continued it in connection with conferentsraad J Collin until 1830. After 1831 the same work was published under the title of "Tidskrift for Landoekonomie." Many valuable works, bearing also on the same subject, were translated by him, whilst he brought out every year, from 1816 to 1836, a farmer's almanac, and in association with the equally indefatigable Collin established in 1818 a Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture in the district of Copenhagen, which in 1824 became merged with its capital of four thousand rix-dollars in the Society of Rural Economy (Landhuusholdnings-selskab), of which society Drewson had been a member many years, and president eleven. But in a brief memoir of this kind it is impossible to enumerate the active services of this patriotic and enlightened man. In 1845 his health began to fail, and the following year he was obliged to resign some of his public duties. Still he laboured on, and at the close of 1848 became a member of the Grundlovgivende Forsamling, and at the commencement of 1850 took his place in the folkething; but it was merely to do so, and died at Copenhagen on August 25, 1851.—Nordisk Con. Lex.—M. H.
DRIESCHE, John van den, a distinguished linguist, commonly known under the nom de plume of Drusius, was born at Oudenarde, Holland, June 28th, 1550. His parents, zealous protestants, gave him an excellent education, intending to prepare him for the church; owing to religious persecutions, however, they had to fly their native country in 1567, and to seek a refuge in England. Here the young man got a living as teacher of Hebrew, and as such soon became so renowned that he was called upon, when scarcely twenty-two years old, to fill the chair of professor of Oriental languages at Oxford. He accepted this post, remained four years at the university, and then returned by official invitation to the Netherlands, where he died February 12th, 1616. He wrote numerous philological works, the most important of which, together with a life of the author, have been collected under the title—"Critici Sacri, sive annotata doctissimorum virorum in Vetus et Novum Testamentum," 10 vols., folio, London, 1660, republished, 9 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1698.—F. M.
DROGHEDA, Charles Moore, second viscount, a distinguished soldier, was born at Mellefont in Ireland in 1603. His family came over to that country from England in the reign of Elizabeth, and distinguished themselves by their services to the crown, founding the noble families of Charleville and of Drogheda. When Drogheda was besieged by Sir Phelim O'Neil in 1641, Lord Drogheda took upon him to repair the fortifications, and defend the town. His castle of Mellefont was invested by the rebels in great numbers, and vigorously defended by twenty-four musketeers and fifteen dragoons, till their ammunition failing, the latter charged through the enemy, and made their way to Drogheda. Lord Drogheda's own tenants joined against him outside the walls. Their outraged lord attacked and routed them, and thus raised the siege. In consideration of this and other great services, he was made governor of the county Louth. The same year he assaulted and took the strong castle of Sheddam, in conjunction with Sir John Borlace. He next forced O'Neil to raise the siege of Athboy, and give him battle. Lord Drogheda commanded an attack; and as he stood on a rising ground directing the assault, he was struck by a ball, which caused his death on the 12th September, 1643.—J. F. W.
DROSTE-HÜLSHOFF, Annette Elisabeth Freün von, a distinguished German poetess, was born of a noble catholic family, January 12, 1798, on the family estate of Hülshoff, near Münster, where she received an excellent education in almost entire seclusion from the world. In 1825 she stayed some time at Cologne and Bonn, but soon retired to her mother's seat again. Delicate health induced her to seek a milder climate; and from 1842 she lived as a valetudinarian on the banks of the Bodensee, where she died. May 24, 1848. Her poems, many of which have been rendered into English, combine great elegance and novelty of form with deep poetical feeling, a minute knowledge of nature, and a truly feminine taste and piety. She wrote "Gedichte" in 1844, and "Das geistliche fahr nebst einem Anhang religiöser Gedichte" in 1851.—K. E.
DROUET, Jean-Baptiste, celebrated for the part which he played in the arrest of Louis XVI. at Varennes, was born on the 8th January, 1763, at Sainte-Menehould, and died at Mâçon on the 11th April, 1824. After serving seven years as a private soldier in a dragoon regiment under Condé, he returned to his native village and succeeded his father in the office of postmaster. The 21st of June, 1791, made Drouet famous. When the "Korff berline," with poor, fugitive royalty inside, came lumbering into Sainte-Menehould, Drouet, who was on the alert, remarked the likeness of one of the ladies in the carriage to her majesty; and the grosse-tête in round hat and peruke, who from time to time looked out of the window, bore, he perceived, an unmistakable likeness to the picture of the king on the printed assignats. Drouet communicates his suspicions to his friend Guillaume, clerk of the directoire, and the two, saddling their fleetest horses, mount and bound eastward in pursuit. They reach the small village of Varennes before the slow lumbering berline with its eleven horses, knock up the landlord of the
