a dissertation by M. le Docteur du Haldat, a descendant of one of the brothers of Joan); "Sancti Gregorii, episcopi Nysseni, Opuscula;" "S. Joannis Chrysostomi opera omnia, nunc primum Græce et Latine edita," &c.; "Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum," &c.; "Nicephori Callisti Ecclesiasticæ Historiæ libri xviii., Græce nunc primum editi," &c. The last of these did not appear till after Fronton's death.—R. M., A.
* DUBUFE, Claude-Marie, a French historical and portrait painter, born in 1793, at Paris, where he studied under the great David. Since 1810 he has produced numerous pictures shown at the different French exhibitions. Having secured the favour of fashion by means of a certain affectedly refined style displayed in his works, he executed a vast number of portraits in which he gave more satisfaction to the sitters, than earned glory to himself. His two subjects of "Souvenirs" and "Regrets" have taken a certain world by storm, and were multiplied by all means of reproduction. Yet these performances will never rank with many masterpieces of the modern schools, which the same world scarcely notices or comprehends.—R. M.
DUCA, Giacomo del, a native of Palermo, who lived in the sixteenth century, and learned sculpture and architecture under Michael Angelo, of whose he appropriated only the most objectionable features, without being able to redeem his mistakes as a copyist by any original excellence. He disfigured the church of our lady of Loretto at Rome (a fine specimen of San Gallo's architecture) by various contrivances which we cannot call architectural, inasmuch as they were only blunders. The only work by Giacomo, as an architect, which really defies criticism, is the little Palace Strozzi at Rome. As a sculptor he produced little that has come down to us. The tomb of Elena Savelli in St. Giovanni Laterano is perhaps the only work we know of with something like certainty, and it does not confer much fame on its author. Having returned to his native country, he was there elected military architect; but soon afterwards he was despatched by the hand of an assassin, supposed to be a displaced rival.—R. M.
DUCANAL, Charles Pierre, dramatic writer, born at Beauvais in 1766. Like many generous and ardent spirits, he hailed the revolution of 1789 as the advent of a new era; but shrinking from the enormities perpetrated during the Reign of Terror, he allowed his sentiments to overmaster his reason, until he drifted into the opposite extreme of attachment to arbitrary government. A satirical comedy, produced under the directory, in which he held up the old revolutionary committees to ridicule and scorn, met with great success. Although marked out for favour by successive governments, yet such was the boldness of his criticism that he could not retain place, and was obliged to support himself by his pen. He wrote several comedies and political pamphlets. His death took place in 1835.—J. F. C.
DUCANGE, Charles Dufresne, a historian of great learning and prodigious industry, was born at Amiens in 1610, where he studied at the Jesuits' college. In order that he might reside in the capital for the sake of more easy access to libraries and intercourse with the learned, he resigned the lucrative post of treasurer to which he had been appointed, and in 1668 took up his abode in Paris. His "Glossarium mediæ et infimæ Latinitatis," which appeared in 1768, was not at first appreciated by the learned, who treated with contempt the barbarous Latin of the monks of the middle ages. Upon reflection it was seen that Ducange's glossary was the first serious attempt made by any modern historian to bring to light the middle ages in true characteristic features. His next attempt was in favour of the Greek writings of the same period, by the glossary which he published in 1688. The example thus set was followed up by the Benedictines with the patient assiduity and critical acumen which have conferred so much deserved renown upon that learned order; so that there now exists a complete history of those interesting middle ages, which with dubious propriety used to be stigmatized as dark. It was Ducange who also, at the suggestion of the great minister Colbert, began that collection of the long line of French historians, from Geoffry de ville Hardouin and the Sieur de Joinville, which, also followed up by the Benedictines, has been patronized by successive governments even to the present day. Besides a "History of Constantinople under the French Emperors," Ducange compiled a "History of France in Seven Epochs," told in abridged facts, such as he delighted to set in order. The number of extracts, with criticisms upon them, which are preserved in MSS. in public libraries, exhibit amazing proof of his industry and powers of research; and yet he was no cold bookworm, but a cheerful, accessible little man, fond of society, and as much beloved as admired. He died in 1688, after he had finished his Greek glossary. Louis XIV. bestowed a pension on his four children.—J. F. C.
DUCANGE, Victor Henri Brahain, French dramatist and novelist, the son of a secretary of embassy at the Hague, was born at the latter place, November 25th, 1783. He studied at Paris, and obtained a subordinate employment under the minister of commerce, from which, however, he was discharged at the restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. He then took to writing plays for the little theatre of L'Ambigu-Comique, Paris, and soon obtained a considerable success, which induced him to come forward also as a novelist. But in this capacity he was less fortunate, one of his first works, entitled "Valentine, ou le Pasteur d'Uzès," bringing him into contact with the criminal tribunal, which condemned him to 1000 francs damages and six months' imprisonment for what was called "provocation to civil war." He suffered his punishment, and having gained by this affair some little political renown, started in 1822 as editor of a small journal, called Le Diable rose. This and another novel, "Thélène, ou l'Amour et la Guerre," brought again diverse inflictions of imprisonment on him, from which, however, he escaped by flight into Belgium. Returning in 1825, he began writing for the theatre of the Porte St. Martin, and after producing several smaller pieces, brought out his "Trente Ans, ou la Vie d'un Joueur" (Thirty Years, or the Life of a Gambler), which became at once eminently successful, having a run of several hundred nights, and being honoured by translation into the principal languages of Europe. After having written various other plays and novels, amounting on the whole to more than fifty separate works, the author died on October 13, 1833. His acknowledged best production, besides the drama just mentioned, is a novel entitled "La Luthérienne, ou la famille morave," 6 vols. Paris, 1825.—F. M.
DUCAREL, Andrew Coltée, English antiquary, born in 1713, was descended from an ancient Norman family settled at Caen. His father came to England shortly before or shortly after the birth of his son, and took up his abode at Greenwich. Educated at Eton, where the young Frenchman met with an accident, which deprived him of the sight of one of his eyes, and was for some time under the care of Sir Hans Sloane, he entered St. John's college, Oxford, obtained the degree of LL.D. in 1742, and became a member of the College of Doctors' Commons in 1743. In 1755, a year memorable to the cultivators of archæological science as the date of the incorporation of the Society of Antiquaries, Dr. Ducarel was elected a fellow, and in the same year he was appointed commissary of the peculiar and exempt jurisdiction of the collegiate church of St. Katharine, near the Tower, the history of which structure, from its foundation in 1273, he afterwards compiled for the use of Queen Charlotte. In 1758 Archbishop Herring appointed him commissary of the city and diocese of Canterbury, and in 1776 Secker preferred him to some subdeaneries in Sussex. With this last the list of his preferments closed; but, although never obtaining high ecclesiastical dignity, he was no obscure person in the society of churchmen, his antiquarian labours, and his post of librarian at Lambeth, to which he was appointed in 1757, bringing him acquainted with many eminent prelates. In 1762 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. It was his custom for many years to pass the month of August exploring, in company with his friend Samuel Gale, the haunts of the author of the Britannia, who was to this simple-hearted and industrious man, "guide, philosopher, and friend." He died somewhat suddenly at South Lambeth in 1793. His works are all antiquarian or topographical. The following are the most important—"A Tour through Normandy," 1754; republished, 1767; Twelve letters addressed to the Society of Antiquaries of London, illustrating a series of Anglo-Gallic coins of the ancient kings of England; "Some account of the town, church, &c., of Croydon," 1783, in the Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica; and in the same work, "The History and Antiquities of the Archiepiscopal Palace of Lambeth," 1785.—J. S., G.
DUCAS, Michael (Μιχαηλ ὁ Δουκας). The precise dates of his birth and death are unknown; he flourished towards the middle of the fifteenth century. After the taking of Constantinople he found a refuge at Lesbos, and was employed by the prince of that island in several diplomatic missions. In 1462 the island
