bombarded that city, and compelled the cortes to surrender it. He died November 2, 1846.—T. J.
DUPERREY, Louis Isidore, an eminent French navigator, chevalier of Saint Louis, and of the legion of honour, was born at Paris on the 22nd of October, 1786. He entered the navy at the age of sixteen, having previously studied mathematics under the celebrated La Croix. After various adventures he set sail from Toulon in the corvette Coquille, on the 11th of August, 1822; returning to France the 24th of April, 1825, having made a voyage round the world without the loss of a single man, and having collected valuable materials in the natural history of the many countries which he visited. Duperrey died in 1865.—T. J.
DUPERRON, Jacques Davy, a French cardinal, born at Saint-Lô in Normandy in 1556, and died at Paris in 1618. He was educated in the protestant religion, but early in life embraced Catholicism, on the advice of Philippe Desportes the poet. Introduced into court life, he was named reader to Henry III., and, though a layman, was appointed to preach at the convent of Vincennes before the king and court. The success of his sermon, "Sur l'Amour de Dieu," and his "Oraison funébre de Ronsard" induced him to enter into holy orders. He still kept his post of reader to the king, and continued to preach before the court. Towards the close of the reign of Henry III. He attached himself to the cardinal de Bourbon, but afterwards courted the favour of the king of Navarre, who made him bishop of Evreux in 1591. Duperron had, ostensibly at least, a chief share in the conversion of Henry IV. He was employed in numerous missions, and received the cardinal's hat in reward of valuable services rendered to the church. He was, moreover, named archbishop of Sens, grand-almoner, and commander of the order of the Holy Spirit. Duperron was a voluminous writer.—R. M., A.
DUPIÉ, Guillaume, a French artist at the beginning of the seventeenth century; the sculptor of the statue of Henry IV. on the Pont-Neuf at Paris, destroyed at the time of the Revolution, and the relics of which are now in the Louvre.
DUPIN, André Marie Jean Jacques, known as Dupin Ainé, born at Varsi, Nivernais, in 1783. The father of André Dupin, one of three distinguished brothers, was a member of the legislative council, and educated him for the profession of avocat. In 1800 he was received as avocat, and on the re-establishment of the schools of law by Bonaparte he was among the first to take the degree of doctor. In 1810 he was a candidate for a law professorship at Paris. He failed to obtain it, and was forced upon the active duties of the bar. He published a textbook of Roman law, consisting of selected extracts from the Digest and the Code. Another book of his was suppressed, because in something he had said of Germanicus and Tiberius the police thought there was a reference to the fate of the duc d'Enghien. In 1811 he was one of a commission to classify the laws, and in 1813 was appointed secretary of the commission. Early in 1815 he was a member of the chamber of representatives, but after the second restoration of the Bourbons his constituents did not re-elect him. On the abdication of Bonaparte he voted against the proposal of recognizing his son as emperor. In 1815, when the Bourbons had returned, and were proceeding against those accused of aiding Bonaparte during the Hundred Days, the government journals represented the advocates of the accused as participators in the crimes of those whom they defended. Dupin published a pamphlet entitled "Libre Defense des accusés." He was engaged for the defence in the most important political trials of the period—Ney, 1815; Hutchinson, Bruce, and Wilson, 1816; Beranger, 1828. His most splendid effort was in defence of the Journal des Debâts, prosecuted for the remarkable article, "Malheureux roi! Malheureuse France!" In 1819 Dupin refused the office of secretaire général du ministére de la justice. In 1829 the advocates of Paris elected him batonnier of the order. Dupin was from the year 1817 connected in the relation of confidential adviser with the house of Orleans, and when Louis Philippe died he was one of his executors. Dupin was elected to the chamber of deputies in 1826, and continued a member of it till 1832. In July, 1830, when consulted on the subject of the fatal ordinances which upset the elder branch of the Bourbons, he stated distinctly their illegality, counselled resistance to the uttermost, and threw himself earnestly into the movements which placed Louis Philippe on the throne. When it was proposed to have Louis Philippe take the title of Philip VII., Dupin protested against it, using the memorable phrase—"Le duc d'Orleans est appellé au trone, non parce qu'il est Bourbon mais quoique Bourbon." On the accession of Louis Philippe Dupin was called upon to draw up the address to the king, and the charter of the people's rights. On the evening of the same day, within two hours, documents were prepared by him remarkable for a felicity of language which expressed everything required and nothing more. He was now appointed procureur général of the court of cassation. In 1831 his house was attacked by a furious mob, and his person rescued with difficulty by the national guard. In 1832 we find him president of the chamber of deputies. Good sense, and prudence equal to any emergency that may arise, were Dupin's characteristics. On Louis Philippe's abdication, instead of resigning his office of procureur général, he got the court of cassation to pass a vote directing that in future justice should be administered in the name of the French people; and he continued to hold his office till the decrees of 1852 declared the property of the house of Orleans to belong to the crown of France. After his resignation he amused himself with agriculture, and with revising and republishing some tracts of his on legal subjects. In 1857 he surprised every one by reappearing in his old character of procureur général, saying, "J'ai toujours appertenu a la France, jamais aux parties." On his mother's tomb he inscribed the words "Ci git la mère des trois Dupin." Among his other honours was that of the cross of the legion of honour, given him in 1837. He died on the 10th of December, 1865.—J. A., D.
DUPIN, Charles, Baron, a celebrated mathematician and statistician of France, brother of Dupin Ainé, was born in 1784. After displaying rare talent for mathematical analysis at the école polytechnique he joined the corps of marine engineers, and was successively employed in the fortifications of Antwerp, Genoa, and Toulon. In the course of his professional duty he had occasion to visit Corfu, and to reside for a considerable time in that island. During his residence he founded the Ionian academy, and delivered lectures on mechanics and physics. On his return to France about the year 1812, he presented to the Institute various papers on naval architecture and marine engineering, which gained him much distinction. He was early led to inquire into the causes of England's greatness, and his sympathy with her liberal institutions led him into trouble with his own government. He first visited England merely as an engineer, and with the purpose of ascertaining the strength of her naval defences; but his inquiries afterwards extended to her political institutions and commercial prosperity. The first part of his great work on England appeared under the title of "Force Militaire." It was at first suppressed by the government, on account of his too ardent admiration of English institutions. The increasing estimation in which Dupin was held, led, however, to a reversal of the sentence, and the book was not only permitted to be circulated, but honours were heaped upon the author. On his fifth visit to England he was much flattered by the attention of Mr. Huskisson, then at the head of the board of trade. The English minister admitted him to the government offices, and supplied him with documents bearing on the international commerce of France and England. While visiting Glasgow his attention was drawn to the mechanics' institutions, of which that city afforded the earliest examples. On his return to France he published his "Memoires sur la Marine et les Fonts et Chaussées de la France et de l'Angleterre," in which he gives an account of the Glasgow institutions, and expresses his desire that similar ones should be introduced into France. To facilitate this object he wrote several valuable works on the sciences as applied to the arts. He was the first to raise statistics to the rank of a science in France. He embodied most of his valuable researches in his great work "Sur les Forces Productives et Commercials de la France." After the revolution of 1830 he took a leading part in the chamber of deputies. On the discussion of the corn-law question in 1831, he gained a triumph by convincing the chamber that a sliding scale, as adopted by England, was the right basis of legislation. It was only in 1837, on his return after his seventh visit to England, that he completed his work on the commercial resources of Great Britain. In 1838 he was elevated to the peerage. In the various revolutions through which France passed, Dupin threw his influence into the scale of law and order, and more than once saved his country from disaster by
